The Significance and Utilisation of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Strategies in the Field of Biomedical Material Engineering: The Case of Calcium Phosphat—Protein Template Constructs

Abstract

This review provides a summary of recent research on biomimetic and bioinspired strategies applied in the field of biomedical material engineering and focusing particularly on calcium phosphate—protein template constructs inspired by biomineralisation. A description of and discussion on the biomineralisation process is followed by a general summary of the application of the biomimetic and bioinspired strategies in the fields of biomedical material engineering and regenerative medicine. Particular attention is devoted to the description of individual peptides and proteins that serve as templates for the biomimetic mineralisation of calcium phosphate. Moreover, the review also presents a description of smart devices including delivery systems and constructs with specific functions. The paper concludes with a summary of and discussion on potential future developments in this field.

Rapid Deposition of the Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite-Polydopamine-Amino Acid Composite Layers onto the Natural Enamel

“…After performing the PDA layer mineralization procedure using nano-cHAp (sample S3, Figure 8), intense vibrations attributed to nanocrystalline carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite appear in the FTIR spectrum. The active and highintensity vibrations of the v 3 phosphorus−oxygen group of PO 4 3− (valence and strain vibrations of P�O and P−O bonds) in the region of 1095−1030 cm −1 , as well as ν 1 stretching vibrations of PO 4 3− around 960 cm −1 , are active and highly intense. The functionalization of nano-cHAp using the amino acid L-Arginine during the deposition of the PDA layer leads to the appearance of low-intensity features in the IR spectrum of the sample (see Figure 8, S4 spectrum) in the region vs COO-1396 cm −1 , v s NH 3 + 1540 and 1620 cm −1 .…”

Progress in bioactive surface coatings on biodegradable Mg alloys: A critical review towards clinical translation

“…BAP is an idealized HA consisting of minor groups of CO 3 2− , HPO 4 2− , Na + , Mg 2+ and trace elements like Sr 2+ , K + , F − up to bio-safe ppm levels [ 274 ]. Bio-macromolecules, gelatine, polysaccharides, silk-fibroin, Dihydroxyphenylalamine (DOPA), and lysine can chelate BAP elements via non-covalent bonding like metal coordination, van-der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and π- π interactions together with electrostatic effects [ 275 ]. Apart from molecular recognition, enzymatic mineralization and molecular crowding techniques are effectively reported for rapid mimicking of natural bone [ 276 , 277 ].…”

“…However, the size of HA platelets (length - 61.3 nm, width - 43.9 nm) was greater than gap-zones (i.e., 40 nm) of collagen fibrils, which may inhibit the intrafibrillar growth of HA crystals. Polymer induced liquid precursor (PILP) is an important bioinspired technique to promote such orientation of biological apatite by using various negative charged polypeptide acids which can act as PILP directing agents such as poly- l -aspartic acid (PASP), poly-allylamine hydrochloride (PAH), and poly-acrylic acid (PAA) [ 275 ]. A synergistic effect of electrostatic interaction and capillary action enabled intrafibrillar mineralization of biological apatite [ 272 ].…”

Biomimetic Mineralization of Tooth Enamel Using Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite under Various Dental Surface Pretreatment Conditions

“…However, there is currently a belief in the scientific community that the damaged microstructure of natural enamel can be not only restored but also precisely copied [ 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. A prerequisite for these beliefs was the development of the strategy of biomimetic mineralization, which is based on the study of biological processes during which living organisms create materials with unique local properties from nature, as well as on the use of natural technologies to create artificial bionic structural materials [ 4 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

“…However, the biomimetic approach to the mineralization of dental tissue is not simply about “replacing” it but is simultaneously about studying the principles and mechanisms of its reconstitution [ 11 , 12 , 21 ]. Therefore, the fundamental problem and the key point in the ideal restoration of dental enamel is the search for an effective technology to duplicate the anisotropy, morphology, and optical and biomechanical properties [ 7 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] defined by the biotemplate (natural tissue).…”