The significance of cellulolytic enzymes produced by Trichoderma in opportunistic lifestyle of this fungus

Abstract

The degradation of native cellulose to glucose monomers is a complex process, which requires the synergistic action of the extracellular enzymes produced by cellulolytic microorganisms. Among fungi, the enzymatic systems that can degrade native cellulose have been extensively studied for species belonging to the genera of Trichoderma. The majority of the cellulolytic enzymes described so far have been examples of Trichoderma reesei, extremely specialized in the efficient degradation of plant cell wall cellulose. Other Trichoderma species, such as T. harzianum, T. koningii, T. longibrachiatum, and T. viride, known for their capacity to produce cellulolytic enzymes, have been isolated from various ecological niches, where they have proved successful in various heterotrophic interactions. As saprotrophs, these species are considered to make a contribution to the degradation of lignocellulosic plant material. Their cellulolytic potential is also used in interactions with plants, especially in plant root colonization. However, the role of cellulolytic enzymes in species forming endophytic associations with plants or in those existing in the substratum for mushroom cultivation remains unknown. The present review discusses the current state of knowledge about cellulolytic enzymes production by Trichoderma species and the encoding genes, as well as the involvement of these proteins in the lifestyle of Trichoderma.

Mass spectrometry imaging of secondary metabolites directly on fungal cultures

“…Moreover, since fungi play a role in cycling carbon in the environment, cellulosic inserts were explored, so as to provide a nutrient-rich substrate for the test fungus that could be removed easily for analysis. 31 The rst two trials did not yield positive results. Initially, G100 was grown on a cheesecloth insert, so that it could be removed from the agar for DESI-MS analysis.…”

“…Cellulosic inserts were used, since they would provide a nutritious surface for fungal growth. 31 The key goals were both to minimize sample preparation and to limit alterations of the fungal culture by the DESI source higher the relative abundance of 1 (Fig. 2C).…”

Cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes from thermophilicAspergillus terreusRWY

“…The key to the conversion of cellulose present in agricultural residues to biofuel and other useful products is microbial cellulase . The major bottleneck in cost‐effective production of second generation bioethanol is low efficiency, low stability, and high cost of hydrolytic enzymes.…”

“…Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer in nature and the major constituent of plant cell wall with its annual production estimated at approximately 100 billion dry tones [1]. Complete hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose requires the combined action of multiple enzymes with different substrate specificities which can be divided into three types: endoglucanase (endo-1,4-b-D-glucanase, EG, The key to the conversion of cellulose present in agricultural residues to biofuel and other useful products is microbial cellulase [4]. The major bottleneck in costeffective production of second generation bioethanol is low efficiency, low stability, and high cost of hydrolytic enzymes.…”

Identificação das principais enzimas hidrolíticas de <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> quando crescido em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar

“…A biomassa lignocelulósica do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar é geralmente composta por 40-50% de celulose, 25-35% de hemicelulose, 15-20% de lignina e uma pequena porcentagem de outros componentes extraíveis (proteínas, lipídeos, etc) (Borin, et al, 2015;Strakowska et al, 2014). A proporção desses componentes é dependente da fonte da matéria-prima e do estágio de crescimento da planta, podendo variar até mesmo entre indivíduos de uma mesma espécie (Arias et al, 2016).…”