The significance of diversification for rural livelihood systems

Niehof, A.

doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2004.07.009

Cited by 271 publications

(194 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Understanding the gender divisions of labor and time allocations in communities is important to livelihoods (Niehof 2004) and CA adoption. In the short-term, CA has been shown to significantly increase the presence of weeds on the farm (Knowler and Bradshaw 2007;).…”

Section: Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and conservation agriculture: constraints and opportunities in the Philippines

Parks¹,

Christie²,

Bagares³

2014

GeoJournal

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This research identifies gender-based constraints and opportunities for the adoption of conservation agriculture production systems based on a casestudy with smallholder farmers in two villages in Misamis Oriental, Northern Mindanao, Philippines. Using a livelihoods framework, we explore gendered dimensions of access to assets or resources, agricultural practices, and knowledge and perceptions in the context of food security and soil conservation. Our mixed methods approach includes focus group discussions, household interviews, participatory mapping, and GPS mapping. We found that men and women have different access to assets, gender roles, and soil perceptions that could have implications for whether farmers adopt conservation agriculture (CA) in the Philippines. This paper also discusses how development activities like CA could affect gender relations in a site-specific context and provides recommendations for increasing gender equity and the likelihood of adoption.

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Section: Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and conservation agriculture: constraints and opportunities in the Philippines

Parks¹,

Christie²,

Bagares³

2014

GeoJournal

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“…In an overview of theory and practice in livelihood studies, De Haan and Zoomers (2005) propose to refocus research on access to resources and on the power relations that define entitlements. Gender is probably the most salient and best studied aspect of culture dynamics (De Haan and Zoomers, 2005;Negash, 2001;Niehof 2004).…”

Section: External and Internal Causes Of Vulnerabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study on income diversification in Burkina Faso (Brons, 2005) points to the inefficacy of economic diversification to overcome poverty when households diversify their portfolio in a situation of excess capacity. In contrast, other studies emphasize income diversification as a strategic and effective response to vulnerability ( Van der Geest, 2004;Freeman et al, 2004;Niehof, 2004). Research in Bangladesh showed that households diversified their sources of income after the devastating floods of 1998 (Ali, 2005).…”

Section: Responses and Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Responses that are strongly culturally underpinned often only receive marginal attention in livelihood studies, yet culture is important in providing or constraining options and shaping responses, as is illustrated by some recent studies. In Ethiopia households prefer to have many children to gain social security (Negash, 2001, Negash andNiehof, 2004). In Bangladesh early marriage strategies aim at safeguarding girls from abuse (Huq, 2000).…”

Section: Responses and Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An individual characteristic like gender becomes a liability in a society based on gender inequality (e.g. Niehof, 2004;Bebbington, 1999). Kevane (2000) provides an example from western Sudan where gender-discriminatory regulations forced women to close down their roadside shops, thereby blocking their access to income-generating activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dimensions of vulnerability of livelihoods in less-favoured areas: interplay between the individual and the collective.

Brons¹,

Dietz²,

Niehof³

et al. 2007

Sustainable Poverty Reduction in Less-Favoured Areas

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The geographical concentration of persistent poverty in so-called less-favoured areas calls for a critical look at the link between poverty and environment. Livelihood studies tend to focus on poverty at the individual level, whereas the concept of less-favoured area implies a problem for the collective. Studies on vulnerability tend to be biased towards external ecological causes at the regional level, while studies on coping and survival usually focus on the household. However, recent insights about the internal and external dimension of livelihood vulnerability in less-favoured areas provide an argument for linking both dimensions to dynamics at the individual and collective level. At an aggregate level, individual and household responses to vulnerability lead to intended and unintended effects, while there is also evidence of collective responses to factors originating from the external vulnerability context. These linkages between the external and internal dimensions of vulnerability and responses at the individual, aggregate and collective level should be studied to understand and mitigate current trends of increasing vulnerability of livelihoods in less-favoured areas. Emerging key issues are analysis of change, analysis of livelihood pathways, aggregate consequences of behaviour, and cultural dynamics. ContextThe RESPONSE research program is a joint research program by Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) that was initiated in 2001. RESPONSE is the acronym for Regional Food Security Policies for National Resource Management and Sustainable Economies. The program has a spatial focus on less-favoured areas. Though this paper addresses issues dealt with by the RESPONSE Working Program 2, namely livelihoods and food security, it has a broader scope because it also reviews recent empirical evidence on the subject other than the findings yielded by this working program. It includes the results of recent (2000-5) research on livelihoods in less-favoured areas, more in particular work carried out by researchers of the Dutch research schools Mansholt Graduate School (MGS) and the Research School for Resource Studies for Development (CERES). In this paper less-favoured areas are not just treated as a given context. Instead, the emphasis is on the dynamics of the interfaces between characteristics of less favoured areas and the livelihoods of people in those areas, and the implications of this for vulnerability.

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Introduction: Livelihood options for the poor in the changing environment

Assan

Kumar

2009

J of Intl Development

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Environmental variability and climate change has become an enormous challenge of our time. Policy approaches to find sustainable strategies and interventions have become more and more important by the day. Whilst it is difficult to predict the current and future impacts of a phenomenon with such diverse impact streams, it is evident that the livelihood options of the poor and marginal societies in the global south are more likely to experience a significant shift. Again, their environment and the availability of the resources they depend on for their sustenance are predicted to be dwindling. This editorial seeks to bring together diverse approaches and experience from some of the different geographical regions in the global south identified to be most likely to be affected by environmental variability and to examine the various policy options that could facilitate the livelihood options of the poor, enhance their adaptation and reduce poverty. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The significance of diversification for rural livelihood systems

Cited by 271 publications

References 12 publications

Gender and conservation agriculture: constraints and opportunities in the Philippines

Gender and conservation agriculture: constraints and opportunities in the Philippines

Dimensions of vulnerability of livelihoods in less-favoured areas: interplay between the individual and the collective.

Introduction: Livelihood options for the poor in the changing environment

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