The significance of guttation in the secondary spread of <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> in tomato greenhouses

Sharabani, G.; Manulis-Sasson, Shulamit; Borenstein, M.; Shulhani, R.; Lofthouse, M.; Chalupowicz, Laura; Shtienberg, D.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02673.x

Cited by 60 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…These procedures facilitate pathogen invasion of the vascular tissues of target plants through the newly opened wounds, leading to systemic infection (Gleason et al, 1991;Kawaguchi et al, 2010). Moreover, it has recently been shown that touching symptomless infected plants bearing guttation droplets prior to touching nearby plants transfers the pathogen, which is exuded in the guttation fluid, within rows (Sharabani et al, 2012). The results presented here demonstrate the importance of defining the window of vulnerability for effective disease control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

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Effects of plant age on disease development and virulence of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on tomato

et al. 2012

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The effect of plant age at the time of inoculation on the severity of bacterial wilt and canker disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) was examined in six greenhouse experiments. The period during which inoculations led to wilt and death of tomato plants was defined. This period, designated 'window of vulnerability', ranged from transplanting to the 17-to 18-leaf stage. Plants inoculated after this period expressed disease symptoms but did not wilt or die. No significant changes in disease incidence were observed when leaves of different ages were inoculated. Yield accumulation was significantly reduced in plants inoculated within the window of vulnerability compared with those inoculated after this period. Expression of virulence genes, viz. celA, encoding a secreted cellulase, and the serine protease-encoding pat-1, chpC and ppaA, was induced during the early stages after inoculation in plants inoculated within the window of vulnerability. Differences in Cmm population between plants inoculated within and outside of this period were insignificant after the first week post-inoculation, indicating that differences in disease severity, yield loss and expression of virulence determinants are not correlated with Cmm population level. Results suggest that implementation of precautionary measures during the window of vulnerability to avoid secondary spread of Cmm will have a season-long effect on plant mortality and may minimize, or even prevent, yield losses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Samples were weighed and macerated in sterile distilled water. Serial tenfold dilutions in distilled water were prepared and 100 lL of each dilution was plated on three mCNS plates (Sharabani et al, 2012). Plates were incubated at 28°C and the resulting colonies were counted 5 days later.…”

Section: Determination Of Cmm Population Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of plant age on disease development and virulence of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on tomato

et al. 2012

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“…The disease progresses rapidly between 24 and 32 °C (Strider, 1969). In addition, the disease develops more rapidly in soil at a water-holding capacity (WHC) of 80 % (which is optimal for growth of tomatoes) than at a WHC of 40 % or 100 %, at a low light intensity, in young plants (Sharabani et al, 2013), under high nutrient conditions, in sandy rather than organic soils (Strider, 1969) and at high rather than low relative humidity (Xu et al, 2012). When leaves of tomato plants were spray inoculated, distinct symptoms presented at a high humidity of 87-97 %, slight symptoms at 75-85 %, and no symptoms at 50-70 % (Basu, 1966).…”

Section: Suitability Of Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al.

Rossi¹

2014

EFS2

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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to perform the pest categorisation for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm). The agent responsible for vascular tomato wilt and canker is the clearly defined and valid gram‐positive taxon C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. This pathogen can be accurately identified based on a range of sensitive and specific methods. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the main host, but peppers (Capsicum annum and C. frutescens) are also naturally susceptible to Cmm. These host plants are cultivated throughout Europe and conditions are conducive to disease development in open fields in southern Europe and in greenhouses. The disease is present in many EU Member States. Outbreaks are rare but usually severe. It causes a range of symptoms on the aerial parts of plants, including the fruits. Detection methods are available for any type of plant material either presenting symptoms or symptomless. Seed testing has proven to be a good control option by discarding contaminated seed lots. Despite tomato seed production being done under strict sanitation using recommended practices, seed contamination still occurs occasionally. Contaminated seeds and transplants are responsible for long‐distance dissemination of the pathogen. Under conducive conditions, even low levels of seed contamination can result in disease outbreaks. Cultivation practices can favour secondary spread of the bacterium and an increase in disease incidence both in greenhouse and in open‐field crops. No effective biological or chemical control agents are registered for bacterial canker in Europe. Cmm meets all criteria defined in International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 21. Cmm meets all ISPM 11 criteria, although it has been observed in 16 EU Member States. The outbreaks are usually severe but sporadic.

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“…Systemic infection with high populations, >10 8 CFU/g, lead to characteristic wilting, stem canker, and vascular discoloration (Bryan 1930;Gartemann et al 2003). Additionally, the pathogen can ooze from cankers and hydathodes (in guttation droplets), and in combination with rain and wind or through cultural practices, spread to distal leaves, fruit, and surrounding plants (Bryan 1930;Sharabani et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Utility of a loop-mediated amplification assay for detection ofClavibacter michiganensissubsp.michiganensisin seeds and plant tissues

Yasuhara-Bell

Baysal-Gurel

Miller

et al. 2015

Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology

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A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t J. Yasuhara-Bell et al. Detection of Clavibacter in seeds and plant tissues by LAMP 2 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t J. Yasuhara-Bell et al. Detection of Clavibacter in seeds and plant tissues by LAMP 3Abstract: A loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) assay developed previously to specifically identify Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato, was compared with a commercial lateral flow immunoassay, three PCR assays, and culturing on agar medium for efficacy in detecting the pathogen in pepper and tomato tissues and tomato seeds. The LAMP assay was as effective in identifying C. m. michiganensis-positive tomato seed and tissue samples as the Cmm ImmunoStrip ® . The LAMP assay was performed using a handheld real-time fluorescence-monitoring device (Smart-DART TM ) and the iQ TM 5 Multicolor Real-Time PCR Detection System to compare both systems. Both devices produced equivalent results, thus demonstrating the potential of this LAMP detection system for field detection. A side-by-side comparison of the C. m. michiganensis-LAMP with the Cmm ImmunoStrip ® assay, two conventional PCR assays, using Cmm5/6 and PSA8/R primer sets, and one quantitative PCR assay (primers RZ_ptssk 10/11, probe RZ_ptssk12), showed that the C. m. michiganensis-LAMP/Smart-DART TM assay can provide real-time portable in-field test results comparable to accepted standards. These results, combined with the specificity established previously, suggest that this LAMP assay can be an alternative to current diagnostic tests designed to detect C. m. michiganensis. This LAMP assay could be seamlessly integrated into standardized testing regimens, such as those of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), International Seed Federation (ISF), and commercial seed companies, as the definitive C. m. michiganensis confirmatory test, following isolation of colonies by plating. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t J. Yasuhara-Bell et al. Detection of Clavibacter in seeds and plant tissues by LAMP 4 Résumé : Afin de déterminer l'efficacité de la détection de l'agent pathogène dans des tissus de tomate et de poivron et dans des semences de tomates, un test moléculaire d'amplification isotherme (LAMP), préalablement développé pour spécifiquement identifier Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, agent causal du chancre bactérien chez la tomate, a été comparé à un immunoessai commercial à flux latéral, à trois tests par PCR et à une culture sur gélose. Le test LAMP a été aussi efficace pour identifier C. m. michiganensis dans les semences et les échantillons de tissus de tomate que le test Cmm ImmunoStrip ® . Le test LAMP a été effectué avec un appareil portable de surveillance en temps réel par fluorescence (Smart-DART TM ) et avec l'iQ TM 5 Multicolor Real-Time PCR Detection System afin de comparer les deux méthodes. Les deux appareils ont produit des résultats équivalents, démontrant ainsi les capacités de ce système LAMP pour la détecti...

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The significance of guttation in the secondary spread of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in tomato greenhouses

Cited by 60 publications

References 31 publications

Effects of plant age on disease development and virulence of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on tomato

Effects of plant age on disease development and virulence of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on tomato

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al.

Utility of a loop-mediated amplification assay for detection ofClavibacter michiganensissubsp.michiganensisin seeds and plant tissues

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