The significance ofCandidain the human respiratory tract: our evolving understanding

Abstract

Candida is an opportunistic pathogen and the most commonly isolated fungal genus in humans. Though Candida is often detected in respiratory specimens from humans with and without lung disease, its significance remains undetermined. While historically considered a commensal organism with low virulence potential, the status of Candida as an innocent bystander has recently been called into question by both clinical observations and animal experimentation. We here review what is currently known and yet to be determined about the clinical, microbiological and pathophysiological significance of the detection of Candida spp. in the human respiratory tract.

Opportunistic invasive fungal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Southern China: Clinical features and associated factors

“…Candida spp. are part of the normal respiratory microflora. Until recently, the diagnostic criteria for pulmonary candidiasis were obscure.…”

Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Interact To Enhance Virulence of Mucosal Infection in Transparent Zebrafish

“…(C) Larvae were injected and monitored as described above with the following groups: PVP control, C. albicans (2.5 ϫ 10 7 CFU/ml) plus UV-inactivated (UV-x) P. aeruginosa (2.5 ϫ 10 8 CFU/ml), P. aeruginosa (2.5 ϫ 10 8 CFU/ml) plus UV-x C. albicans (2.5 ϫ 10 7 CFU/ml), or C. albicans plus P. aeruginosa at 2.5 ϫ 10 7 CFU/ml and 2.5 ϫ 10 8 CFU/ml, respectively. Data are representative of six (Continued on next page) IL-6 is produced by several cell types and has been linked to edema, sepsis, and increased mortality in both monoinfections and C. albicans-S. aureus coinfection (22)(23)(24)46). Interestingly, this proinflammatory cytokine was significantly upregulated in C. albicans-P. aeruginosa coinfection compared to the C. albicans monoinfection (Fig.…”

Silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) nanoparticles synthesized from Azadirachta indica lalex and its antibiofilm activity against fluconazole resistant Candida tropicalis

“…after Candida albicans [18]. C. tropicalis is one of the common opportunistic diseases causing agent in tropical countries, especially found on skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tract [19][20][21][22]. Candida tropicalis is most virulent due to its ability to produce biofilms, secrete lytic enzymes and adhere to epithelial and endothelial cells [18,23].…”