The Significance of Microbial Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Light of Integrated Crop Management

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is widely distributed in the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. It is a basic component of every plant cell as well as microorganisms, as a component of proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll. It enters soil with organic and mineral fertilizers, plant and animal residues and biological nitrogen fixation. There are various forms of nitrogen in soil, and this element is usually transformed by microorganisms. The transformation of nitrogen compounds (ammonification, nitrification and immobilization) is significantly influenced by climatic conditions and the physicochemical properties of soil. Microbial mineralization of nitrogen organic matter results in the enrichment of soil with this element, which is necessary to generate a yield. The amount of nitrogen entering soil through the mineralization of crop residues ranges from 15 to 45 kg N/ha in cereal residues and from 80 to 144 kg N/ha in winter rape residues. Biological nitrogen fixation can increase the nitrogen content in soil by 30–50 kg/ha/year. In recent decades, the mismanagement of mineral fertilizers has drastically changed the natural balance of the nitrogen cycle. Every year huge amounts of nitrogen compounds enter the aquatic ecosystems and cause their eutrophication. That is why it is important to have adequate knowledge of sustainable fertilization so as to practice integrated crop management.

Growth and Yield of Soybeans in Various Growing Media Composition and Inoculation of Rhizobacteria on Marginal Soils

“…The provision of manure on latosol soil has excellent benefits, such as the availability of more P elements. This is because the results of the decomposition of organic matter in the form of humic acids that form chelate bonds with Al and Fe ions can reduce the solubility of Al and Fe ions and also release P, which is fixed by Al and Fe so that P availability increases (Tonks et al 2017;Grzyb et al 2021;Sukmasari et al 2021). Organic matter would improve cation exchange capacity (CEC) and form a chelated cation (Sudadi et al 2018;Agus et al 2019;Dai et al 2020).…”

Protection of Water Resources from Agriculture Pollution: An Integrated Methodological Approach for the Nitrates Directive 91–676-EEC Implementation

“…The main reactions that control the dynamics of nitrogen in soil and groundwater are mineralisation, volatilisation, nitrification, and denitrification, for the most part, mediated by microorganisms that play a key role in the fate of nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems. [77,78]. Therefore, monitoring the microbial communities involved in the nitrogen cycle represents a valuable tool for determining potential sources of nitrates affecting surface and groundwater.…”

Biosolid-Amended Soil Enhances Defense Responses in Tomato Based on Metagenomic Profile and Expression of Pathogenesis-Related Genes

“…Recent studies have shown that amino acids play a key role in plant root growth and microbial colonization, symbiotic interactions, and pathogenesis in the rhizosphere [94]. Amino acids are considered a key intermediary in the soil nitrogen cycle, and function as carbon and nitrogen sources for both microorganisms and plants, in synthesis and regulation of auxin activity and biofilm formation and disassembly [95]. Therefore, the nucleic acid processing for protein synthesis pathway, which was found active in biosolid-enriched soils, could be an indicator of intrinsic amino acid biosynthesis.…”