The Significance of Military Expenditure, Tourism, and Exports for Sustainable Economic Growth

Aziz, Ghazala; Alsaggaf, Majid Ibrahim; Khan, Mohd Saeed

doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.800878

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…For this purpose, labor, capital, oil prices, terrorism, military spending, tourism and exports are added to the analysis. Through short-term and long-term analysis, there is a systematic effect between economic freedom and GDP of the military, or vice versa (Aziz et al, 2021). Dudzevičiūtė & Šimelytė (2022) examines the relationship between the defense burden in NATO countries and economic indicators.…”

Section: Justificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ensuring Security in Economic Freedom: A Cross Case Between Indonesia's Border Neighbors

Lestari,

Hudayah,

Irwansyah

2023

JESP

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An open economy allows for partnerships between countries. The urgency of this paper is to dedicate the government's concern to revitalizing weapons in finance, export–import, and empowering the military sector to maintain economic freedom in 8 countries. The objectivity of the study focuses on Indonesia's cross–border countries. Annual published data sourced from the Global Economy is compiled for 6 periods. Then, the comparative linear regression technique serves to articulate the analysis funds. Since 2016–2021, there are indications that there is a strong determination of arms imports, arms exports, GDP of the military, armed forces personnel, and military spending on economic freedom. Interestingly, it was found that variables that influence economic freedom include arms imports in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Philippines, then arms exports in Indonesia, Australia and Papua New Guinea. In line with the GDP of the military which also affects economic freedom for Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore and Thailand. Furthermore, only armed forces personnel have a systematic effect on Australia and Vietnam and military spending on Papua New Guinea and Malaysia. Therefore, the research output guides future studies to consider protective national military policy interventions as an alternative to driving national economic independence.

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Section: Justificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ensuring Security in Economic Freedom: A Cross Case Between Indonesia's Border Neighbors

Lestari,

Hudayah,

Irwansyah

2023

JESP

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“…Aziz et al (2021) analysed the impact of military expenditure, tourism, and exports on the Saudi Arabian economy using the ARDL framework. Findings revealed that terrorism and military expenditure does not significantly influence economic growth in Saudi Arabia but tourism does.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results showed that while terrorism stifles growth in the selected countries, military expenditure plays a key role in moderating the debilitating effect of terrorism on growth in the countries. Aziz et al (2021) analysed the impact of military expenditure, tourism, and exports on the Saudi Arabian economy using the ARDL framework. Findings revealed that terrorism and military expenditure does not significantly influence economic growth in Saudi Arabia but tourism does.…”

Section: Role Of Military Expenditure In the Terrorism-tourism Nexusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the terrorism–tourism nexus in Nigeria: the moderating role of military spending

Raifu

Afolabi²,

Oguntimehin

2022

JHTI

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PurposeTourism development is critical for economic transformation, particularly in emerging economies. However, the growing spate of terrorism dissuades international tourists, reduces tourism receipts and ultimately hampers the tourism sector's performance. Thus, the government intervenes by altering its military spending to curtail terrorism. Against this backdrop, this study examines the moderating role of military spending in the terrorism–tourism nexus in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) to investigate the moderating role of military spending in the terrorism–tourism nexus in Nigeria. The authors employ the data that cover the period 1995Q1–2019Q4.FindingsThe results reveal that terrorism has a catastrophic effect on tourism arrivals in Nigeria while military spending has a positive impact on tourism arrivals. The results further show the moderating role of military spending in the terrorism–tourism nexus is positive and statistically significant. However, the findings are subject to the measures of military spending, terrorism and tourism.Practical implicationsThe practical implication of the findings is the need for deliberate and strategic budgeting for the Ministry of Defence to combat terrorism, which should not only focus on the procurement of arms and ammunition but also cover the welfare of the military personnel. Nigeria also needs to formulate and implement necessary tourism policies aimed at countering terrorism in a bid to create and maintain a positive image on the global tourist map.Originality/valueMany studies, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria, had examined the effect of terrorism on tourism but none has examined the moderating role of military spending in the terrorism–tourism nexus. Hence, this study examines the moderating role of military spending in the relationship between terrorism and tourism in Nigeria, a terrorism-prone country with several tourist sites.

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The Significance of Military Expenditure, Tourism, and Exports for Sustainable Economic Growth

Cited by 2 publications

References 76 publications

Ensuring Security in Economic Freedom: A Cross Case Between Indonesia's Border Neighbors

Ensuring Security in Economic Freedom: A Cross Case Between Indonesia's Border Neighbors

Revisiting the terrorism–tourism nexus in Nigeria: the moderating role of military spending

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