The silent shareholder in deterioration of oak growth: common planting practices affect the long-term response of oaks to periodic drought

Zadworny, Marcin; Jagodziński, Andrzej M.; Łakomy, Piotr; Ufnalski, Krzysztof; Oleksyn, Jacek

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.01.017

Cited by 36 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The effect of plant density and root pruning, however, are known to affect root system architecture and growth of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) (Schultz and Thompson 1990). A prior study on the capacity of the Q. robur root system to utilize soil water suggests that changes in root architecture might also have important effects on tree growth under field conditions (Zadworny et al 2014). Despite the importance of seedling planting density and root pruning for subsequent growth, little is known about how the interaction between these factors induces alterations in biomass allocation; and consequently affects the morphology of roots and shoots in Q. robur seedlings after 1 year of growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional response of Quercus robur L. to taproot pruning: a 5-year case study

Mucha

Jagodziński

Bułaj

et al. 2018

Annals of Forest Science

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& Key message Quercus robur seedling mass was affected more by planting density than by taproot pruning. Root pruning enhanced stem biomass at the expense of roots in later growth stages. Alteration of biomass allocation due to nursery practices may result in greater susceptibility to injury and death of the seedlings under unfavorable environmental conditions. & Context Plants adjust their growth and modulate the resource allocation in response to applied treatments and environmental conditions. & Aims The aim was to examine how taproot pruning in seedlings grown at different densities affected long-term growth of Quercus robur. & Methods Seedlings, sown as acorns at two planting densities, with or without pruned roots were harvested in the second, fourth, and fifth years of growth. The effect of root pruning on biomass allocation was determined by measuring leaf, stem, and root mass fractions; carbohydrate concentrations in the roots; and C/N ratios. Specific leaf area and root length were also determined to assess morphological adaptations to growth conditions. Handling Editor: Andreas BolteContribution of co-authors Joanna Mucha: participated in the experiment, analyzed the data, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Andrzej M. Jagodziński: contributed substantially to revisions. Bartosz Bułaj: contributed substantially to revisions. Piotr Łakomy: contributed substantially to revisions. Adrian Marek Talaśka: contributed substantially to revisions. Jacek Oleksyn: contributed substantially to experimental design and revisions. Marcin Zadworny: acquired funds for the implementation of research, coordinated the research project, supervised the experiment, and contributed substantially to experimental design and revisions. & Results Total seedling mass was affected more by planting density than by taproot pruning. After 4 years of growth, root mass fractions were lower and stem mass fractions were greater in seedlings planted at a higher density. Five-year old root-pruned seedlings also had a lower root mass fraction and higher stem mass fractions than unpruned seedlings. Specific root length was not affected by root pruning or planting density. & Conclusion Decrease of relative root biomass with simultaneous increase of stem biomass may be a long-term consequence of taproot pruning of Q. robur, and the effects may manifest years after the seedling stage. Electronic supplementary material

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional response of Quercus robur L. to taproot pruning: a 5-year case study

Mucha

Jagodziński

Bułaj

et al. 2018

Annals of Forest Science

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“…Field and experimental evidence has shown that direct sowing of tree species with a taproot system produces trees that can cope with water restrictions more effectively than those grown in nurseries and outplanted in field conditions, because of greater development of taproots (Zadworny et al 2014). Therefore, elongated containers guarantee higher rates of seedling survival under semiarid conditions (Vallejo et al 2012) as the root development mimics seedling growth under natural conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of alternative containers for promoting deep rooting of native forest species used for dryland restoration: the case of Acacia caven

Fuente¹,

Ovalle²,

Arellano³

et al. 2017

iForest

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The size of a container determines the development and quality of root systems. In the case of taprooted forest species used for dryland reforestation, deeper containers may favour early root development and, consequently, better soil profile colonization after outplanting. Although research on container design for worldwide tree species has been developed in the last decades, technical solutions for containerized forest species with a taproot system have been poorly documented. We present a case study using Acacia caven (Mol.) Mol., which has fast-growing taproots and long lateral and superficial roots. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of different containers on rooting volume in the early morphological development of A. caven seedlings. Ten day-old seedlings were cultivated in five different PVC container types varying in volume, width and length (T440-Short, T440-Long, T880-Short, T880-Long, and T440-C), in a completely randomized design for one growing season. At the end of the study, whole seedling samples were destroyed to assess taproot length, lateral root biomass, and total root/shoot dry biomass. To evaluate the potential plant capacity for developing new roots, a subsequent experiment using the root growth potential test was performed successfully. Results showed that change in root volume distribution (short vs. elongated containers) had the greatest influence on seedling quality, whereas the size of container (small volume vs. large) was of minor importance. Elongated containers (35 cm to 40 cm in length) with self-pruning basal roots produced seedlings with smaller shoot/root ratios, longer root systems, and a greater ability to restart new root growth in deeper container strata. Elongated containers also prevented taproot deformation. The present study suggests that it would be appropriate to rethink container design for seedlings of deep-rooted xerophytic species destined for water-limited transplanting conditions.

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“…During initial growth, oaks develop a deep tap root that grants access to ground water. Growth in containers entangles this root or requires its pruning prior to transportation to the field, which yields suboptimal root architectures [6,7]. In this way, planted seedlings face their first summer without proper access to water and soil nutrients and have a low probability of survival [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this way, planted seedlings face their first summer without proper access to water and soil nutrients and have a low probability of survival [7]. The negative effects of root deformation in those trees that do survive can prevail until adulthood [6]. Direct seeding of acorns, besides allowing the normal development of the root system, provides greater flexibility in terms of the timing and the location of sowing [8], as well as important economic advantages [9], as compared to planting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Diesel as a Mammal Repellent for Direct Seeding of Acorns

Leverkus

Carrión

Molina‐Morales

et al. 2017

Forests

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Abstract:The assisted regeneration of oaks can be achieved through seeding or planting. Whereas direct seeding of acorns has several advantages over planting nursery-grown seedlings, the problem of seed predation by mammals precludes its widespread application. We investigated the potential of diesel as a mammal repellent to prevent the consumption of Holm oak acorns. We tested the effect of submerging acorns in diesel for 0, 6, 12, and 24 h on acorn predation in a field experiment in the Sierra Nevada Natural Park (Granada province, Spain), and the potential effect of the same treatments on seedling emergence and growth in a nursery experiment. The field experiment showed no reduction in acorn predation through diesel. On the other hand, submersion in diesel hindered the germination of one in every four sown acorns regardless of submersion time. Our results are in line with many failed attempts to protect acorns with chemical repellents and suggest that an effective, universally-abundant, inexpensive, and easy-to-apply acorn protector to enhance the success of seeding operations is yet to be found.

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The silent shareholder in deterioration of oak growth: common planting practices affect the long-term response of oaks to periodic drought

Cited by 36 publications

References 55 publications

Functional response of Quercus robur L. to taproot pruning: a 5-year case study

Functional response of Quercus robur L. to taproot pruning: a 5-year case study

Use of alternative containers for promoting deep rooting of native forest species used for dryland restoration: the case of Acacia caven

Effectiveness of Diesel as a Mammal Repellent for Direct Seeding of Acorns

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