The Silica‐based Formulations for Drug Delivery, Bone Treatment, and Bone Regeneration

Abstract

The utilization of the silica-based materials in biomedical applications is evolving at a rapid pace with attentions mostly devoted to the ordered mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). However, apart from the ordered-MSNs, a range of other silicabased materials have been extensively applied in the controlled release (CR) of drugs, bone treatments, and bone regeneration, but have gained less attention. This article presents an overview on the recent research advancements of the silica-based materials, i.e., silica xerogels, silica microspheres, silica hybrids, silica microcapsule particles, silica ceramics, silica bioactive glasses, and silica beads which are mainly used in CR of drugs, bone disease treatments, and bone regeneration. The in vitro and in vivo biological evaluations on these silica-based materials for antibacterial properties, osteoblast cell activities, osteogenetic performances, cell adhesion and proliferation, bio-mineralization, and material degradation are discussed. The effect of morphology or surface modifications and addition of bone morphogenetic proteins to the silica-based formulations are illustrated.

Metal‐organic‐frameworks for biomedical applications in drug delivery, and as MRI contrast agents

“…The appropriate surface modifications of the MOFs can alter the bulk properties of those MOFS; can help to avoid or reduce the interaction of the MOFs with the biological medium or the unwanted healthy cells; improves the colloidal stability and the blood circulation lifetimes of the nanoparticles, and facilitates the drugs to cross the physical barriers, and to achieve a targeted drug delivery . Evidently it is found that when the MOFs were appropriately modified, these materials were not only stabilised and were prevented from their aggregation, but it also helped to achieve a selective, target‐specific drug release, and cell imaging capabilities; and these modified MOFs exhibited the successful internalisation by variety of cells through a facile endocytosis process while interacting with the cells.…”

Adjuvant Drug-Assisted Bone Healing: Advances and Challenges in Drug Delivery Approaches

“…Calcium phosphates are suitable scaffolds in bone tissue regenerative applications as these matrices have desirable mechanical strength and can be easily functionalized or adapted to the diamond concept becoming efficient bioactive drug delivery systems [33,34,[44][45][46]. According to the literature, the most common bone tissue engineering devices comprise calcium phosphates including hydroxyapatite and composites [17,29,33,36,[47][48][49]. Calcium phosphates can be applied in form of granules, ceramics, or cements [50].…”

Metal‐Organic‐Frameworks as Contrast Agents in Magnetic Resonance Imaging

“…For various biomedical applications, the relationship between size and toxicity of the silica nanoparticles were well reported and discussed elsewhere . These nanoparticles within the size of 50–300 nm may allow a facile endocytosis by living animals and plant cells without causing any significant cytotoxicity.…”