The Silver Diammine Ion Staining of Peripheral Nerve Elements and the Interpretation of the Results: With a Modification of the Bielschowsky‐gros Method for Frozen Sections

Garven, H. S. D.; Gairns, F. W.

doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1952.sp000988

Cited by 47 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For the purpose of histology tissue was stained by the gold chloride technique of Gairns [1930], by the Bielschowsky-Gros silver method [Garven and Gairns, 1952] and by haemalum and eosin.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Afferent Impulses in the Pudendal Nerves of the Cat

Todd

1964

Exp Physiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ingoing impulses from sense organs in the anal and urethral regions of the cat were recorded in single fibres of the sacral dorsal roots.In the anal region rapidly adapting discharges came from sense organs in the peri-anal skin, in the lining membrane of the anal canal and in the peri-anal tissues. There were slowly adapting stretch receptors in the external anal sphincter.Rapid distension of the urethra gave rise to rapidly adapting discharges in the ingoing fibres. A steady flow of fluid along the urethra caused a sustained but irregular discharge of low voltage from receptors lying in the substance of the urethra.There are typical muscle spindles in the substance of the external anal sphincter and lamellated end organs in the peri-anal tissue. Lamellated end organs of varying sizes are in and around the wall of the urethra: the smallest lamellated end organ lies immediately under the epithelium of the lumen of the urethra.THE pudendal nerves contain afferent fibres from the penis or clitoris, from the mucous membrane of the distal urethra, from the peri-anal skin and from the lining membrane of the anal canal distal to the pectinate line. The sensitivity of the lining membrane of the anal canal in man was tested clinically by Duthie and Gairns [1960] who found that all the modalities in normal skin were present here; indeed the sensitivity seemed to be more acute than in the majority of cutaneous surfaces. In keeping with this acute sensitivity, Duthie and Gairns found a profuse innervation with highly specialized receptors in the lining membrane of the anal canal of man: but they foumd no receptors in the mucosa of the rectum. Walker [1959] found muscle spindles in the external anal sphincter of the cat, while Chennels, Floyd and Gould [1960] confirmed this observation and succeeded in recording the discharge from the spindles.Sensations from stimulation of the urethra in man have been described by Nathan [1956]. The only experimental study of the sensory innervation of the urethra is that of Talaat [1937], who recorded a multifibre discharge of impulses in the pedendal nerve when fluid was made to flow along the urethra of the cat. Garry and Garven [1957] described a variety of organized endings in and around the urethral wall in cats.The aim of the present enquiry was to record and study the nature of the discharge from single sensory units whose fibres pass inwards by the pudendal nerves and to find the nature of the adequate stimulus for these. The histology of the sense organs in the areas supplied by the pudendal nerve was also studied.258

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Afferent Impulses in the Pudendal Nerves of the Cat

Todd

1964

Exp Physiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…in running tap water and sections, 15-20 ,u thick, cut on a freezing microtome. These sections were then carried through a modified Bielschowsky-Gros silver diammine ion method [Garven and Gairns, 1952] with varying time intervals to give different impregnations. Some of the tissue was embedded in paraffin, sections cut and stained with haemalum and eosin.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sensory Nerve Endings of the Human Palate

Gairns

1955

Exp Physiol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

1. The sensory nerve endings of the adult human hard and soft palates and of the uvula have been described. They consist of free nerve endings within the epithelium, of numerous organized endings mainly in the dermal papillæ, and of a few organized endings in the subpapillary region of the dermis. 2. The organized endings of the hard and soft palates show a general similarity in morphological character, but are more numerous in the former, where they also show “ultra‐terminal” fibrils penetrating the epithelium. Those in the uvula are of one type, show no “ultraterminal” fibrils and exhibit fine beading in their component fibrils. 3. Most of the organized endings are of unnamed form. Typical Meissner corpuscles are infrequent, while Krause end‐bulbs are relatively uncommon. Accessory fibres are found associated with all these types. No Pacinian corpuscles or endings of Ruffini or Golgi‐Mazzoni types have been seen. 4. An autonomic ground plexus is present in the dermis of palate and uvula. 5. No taste buds have been found.

show abstract

“…The diaphragm was removed in one piece and impregnated with silver as described by Garven and Gairns (1952). Longer immersion times in some solutions were necessary because the diaphragm is several times thicker than the tissues for which the method was originally intended.…”

Section: Investigations In Normal Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the phrenic nerve and diaphragmatic plexus in rabbits and gerbils

Mitchell

Wilson

1972

Thorax

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Studies on nerve fibres within the phrenic nerve and in the diaphragmatic plexus were carried out in one species, the gerbil, a small desert rodent. The resistance of this small mammal to surgical insult enabled experimental intrathoracic transection of the phrenic nerve to be carried out so that the results in 10 animals could be observed within the diaphragmatic plexus, the phrenic nerve, and the phrenic nucleus. The findings in the diaphragmatic plexus and in the nerve trunk strongly resemble corresponding results for other animals with regard to 'persisting' fibres. The phrenic nucleus, however, is much more extensive in this mammal than has been found in any other species; it is represented within the second to sixth cervical segment, its rostral extremity occupying the intermediolateral part of the spinal grey matter. The possible functional significance of these findings is discussed in the light of the mixed functions of the diaphragm, either voluntary or involuntary.An extensive search of the literature reveals that almost all of the relevant studies during the past century have considered only small circumscribed aspects of diaphragmatic nerve supply. Thus, while Kohnstamm (1898), Hirako (1928), Keswani, Groat, and Hollinshead (1954) and Samuel and Warwick (1955) gave their full attention to the 'phrenic nucleus', Sherrington (1894), Kidd (1911), and Botha (1957) placed more emphasis on the peripheral features of diaphragmatic innervation. Although limited conclusions can be drawn from these records, species differences in the various studies preclude direct comparisons, thus diminishing the collective significance of the results.These criticisms have been forestalled in this investigation by applying reliable methods used in cats and rodents (Wilson, 1968) to one species, the gerbil. The principal aim here is to obtain a more comprehensive overview of the phrenic nerve-diaphragm apparatus in gerbils by including spinal cord connexions, fibre spectrum of phrenic nerve. and structural features of the diaphragmatic plexus. MATERIAL AND METHODS INVESTIGATIONS IN NORMAL ANIMALSTOPOGRAPHICAL STUDIES Three adult gerbils, killed with a lethal dose of intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbitone, were perfused with formol saline and immersed in formalin 5 % for several days. The chest cage was opened widely and the phrenic nerve on each side was traced centripetally from its conspicuous diaphragmatic extremity to its source. In each case the level of origin in the cervical spinal segments was determined by reference to the bodies of adjacent cervical vertebrae.HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES In three gerbils and three rabbits (all adults), selected at random without reference to sex or feeding habits, anaesthesia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbitone, 48 mg/kg, and each animal was perfused through the abdominal aorta with formol saline 10% until the return flow through the inferior vena cava was clear. This method of fixation was standard for all histological studies which, from this point onwards, v...

show abstract

The Silver Diammine Ion Staining of Peripheral Nerve Elements and the Interpretation of the Results: With a Modification of the Bielschowsky‐gros Method for Frozen Sections

Cited by 47 publications

References 2 publications

Afferent Impulses in the Pudendal Nerves of the Cat

Afferent Impulses in the Pudendal Nerves of the Cat

The Sensory Nerve Endings of the Human Palate

Studies on the phrenic nerve and diaphragmatic plexus in rabbits and gerbils

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About