The Silver Oxide Electrode

Dirkse, T. P.

doi:10.1149/1.2427379

Cited by 44 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…17 During cell charging, the electrode surface in contact with the electrolyte first gets converted to Ag 2 O. Ag 2 O has very high resistivity ͑ Ͻ 10 8 ⍀ cm͒. 15,19 Thus, Ag 2 O formed on the electrode surface decreased the overall conductivity of the electrode. The cell overpotential increased to a point where AgO nucleation started.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical-Mechanical Analysis of Printed Silver Electrodes in a Microfluidic Device

Gaikwad

Gallaway

Desai

et al. 2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Nanoparticulate printed silver is a core material to flexible, printed circuits. Some commercial silvers are of a sufficient purity that one may consider their use in electrochemical power sources and sensors. We establish an iterative rapid prototyping and measuring method, printing electrodes, annealing them under temperature conditions from 210 to 280°C, and cycling them in a microfluidic cell such that the electrolyte becomes the shearing medium. Electrode strength is quantified by the breakage due to generation of gas-phase oxygen at the electrode. This oxygen generation assisted breaking is found to be a function of the amount of oxygen generation only, independent of current density and electrolyte flow rate. Silver cured at 280°C for 60 min had highest strength and required an average of 241.8 mC/mm 2 at electrode rupture; curing at 280°C for 20 min required only 203.8 mC/mm 2 for failure. Silver strength is quantified as an oxidant storage medium in the forms Ag 2 O and AgO and as a printed reference electrode. Ag and AgO have higher shear strength compared to Ag 2 O. Thus, shear strength of silver oxide electrodes at potentials of 0.15-0.55 V against a printed silver reference depends on the oxidation state.As the technology in the electronic industry advances, the next generation of sensor and wireless nodes will be physically flexible 1,2 and less than subcentimeter square in dimension. 3 These devices will require a power source, which is self-contained and has low maintenance, 4,5 and has high energy density while conforming to the stringent physical properties of the devices. Direct write printing 6-8 techniques can be used to print miniature power sources on sensor and wireless nodes. Direct write technique has a distinct advantage over the traditional lithographic technique, which involves series of deposition, lithographic etching, and masking steps. 9 In contrast, direct write printing is inexpensive and rapid and allows for significantly thicker electrodes, allowing the areal energy density when compared to "lith and etch" methods.In general, failure of any battery during operation may be attributed, in part, to the mechanical fatigue, leading to an isolation of active materials and therefore lost capacity. Batteries printed on a flexible substrate experience an additional stress due to the bending motion of the substrate. 10 Thus, a technique is required to examine the mechanical integrity of a battery in situ, so both mechanical and electrochemical performances can be correlated to processing parameters. Printed batteries need to be tested for the optimum ink composition, postprinting processing conditions, operating conditions, and response to external stress before they can be used on flexible sensors and wireless tags.Microfluidic devices have been used to study electrochemical systems. [11][12][13][14] In this work we demonstrate a microfluidic setup to test the performance of printed batteries. The shear imposed by a flowing electrolyte can be correlated with the state of charge and cha...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical-Mechanical Analysis of Printed Silver Electrodes in a Microfluidic Device

Gaikwad

Gallaway

Desai

et al. 2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…This has led to the conclusion that the layer of AgO is thicker than that of Ag20 [2,3,4,7]. On the other hand, it is also possible that the Ag -~ Ag20 reaction continues to occur alongside the Ag20 -~ AgO reaction [20].…”

Section: Galvanostatic Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical formation and reduction of silver oxides in alkaline media

Droog

Huisman

1980

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electroc

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The anodic oxidation of silver electrodes in NaOH solution and the reduction of the silver oxides formed were studied by potential step chronoamperometry. Oxidation of Ag to Ag20 is a diffusion-controlled reaction, the diffusion control being established in the solid phase. Oxidation of Ag20 to AgO proceeds via a nucleation and growth-controlled process. The amount of AgO decreased with increasing step height. The current--time curves for this reaction have been analysed with the Kolmogoroff--Avrami equation. Reduction of AgO to Ag20 occurs initially on the outside of the electrode, and the rate of the reaction is limited by diffusion of ions across the thickening layer of Ag20. Reduction of Ag20 to Ag proceeds via a nucleation and growth reaction.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5]. Recent studies have been stimulated in large measure by applications of the Ag/AgO electrode in batteries of high energy-tomass ratio (6)(7)(8)(9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodic behavior of silver in alkaline solutions

Dignam¹,

Barrett²,

Nagy³

1969

Can. J. Chem.

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Data, covering a range of pH and temperature, were obtained for the anodic oxidation of electropolished silver and the results compared with electrodes which had undergone repeated oxidation and reduction cycles. The behavior of the electrode is, in the main, complex, showing, for example, autopotential cycling under certain galvanostatic conditions (-3 pA/cmZ, 25 "C, 0.7 N NaOH), the period of oscillation being about t h. Several other hitherto unreported phenomena were also observed. The main conclusions reached are (i) that 2 different mechanisms are involved in the anodic formation of AgzO on silver electrodes in basic electrolytes resulting in 2 types of film, 1 mechanism involves a dissolution-precipitation process, the other possibly a direct interfacial reaction; (ii) that the reduction of anodically formed Ag,O films either electrochemically or in hydrogen at 800 OC leaves behind a highly porous,layer of silver metal; and (iii) that the limiting AgzO film thickness is probably determined by a diffusion process occurring within the film.

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The Silver Oxide Electrode

Abstract: A review has been prepared of the electrochemistry of the silver oxide electrode. The discussion covers the structure and electrochemistry of the oxides of silver and their behavior in batteries.

Cited by 44 publications

References 24 publications

Electrochemical-Mechanical Analysis of Printed Silver Electrodes in a Microfluidic Device

Electrochemical-Mechanical Analysis of Printed Silver Electrodes in a Microfluidic Device

Electrochemical formation and reduction of silver oxides in alkaline media

Anodic behavior of silver in alkaline solutions

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