The Simultaneous Determination of Codeine, Morphine, Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, 6-Acetylmorphine, and Oxycodone in Hair and Oral Fluid

Abstract

Recently, the abuse of prescription opiates as alternatives to heroin has become a national concern. The determination of a six-drug opiate panel, codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and oxycodone, in hair and oral fluid using solid-phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described. Oral fluid was obtained from the donor by insertion of absorptive collectors into the mouth. Hair was collected from the patient and powdered using stainless steel ball bearings in a mini bead-beater apparatus. Opiates present in the samples were extracted from a buffered, aqueous matrix using a solid-phase cartridge. The extracts were concentrated and the methoxime/BSTFA derivatives prepared in order to eliminate interference from the keto-opiates. The extracts were separated by GC-MS in electron impact mode. By utilizing methoxyamine, we were able to produce the methoxime derivatives required for single derivative production and chromatographically separate all six opiates. The routine analysis of these opiates in hair and oral fluid using GC-MS is described for the first time.

Simultaneous analysis of Thebaine, 6-MAM and six abused opiates in postmortem fluids and tissues using Zymark® automated solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…Opiates constitute a highly addictive group of commonly prescribed drugs [1,2]. The most commonly prescribed opiate-type compounds are hydrocodone, dihydrocodeine, codeine, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and morphine [3].…”

Analysis of oxycodol and noroxycodol stereoisomers in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis

“…Methods reported in the literature for the analysis of OCOD and some of its metabolites in various biological matrices feature a variety of techniques, including mass spectrometry (MS) and NMR [8], thin-layer chromatography [8,10], gas chromatography (GC), often coupled to MS detection [7,12,[20][21][22], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with MS [23], electrochemical [24,25] or UV [15,17] detection, and capillary electrophoresis (CE) with multiwavelength UV [14] and MS detection [14,16].…”

Solid-phase microextraction for the detection of codeine, morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in human hair by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…The first began with two incubation temperatures, one high (125 8C) and one low (80 8C), with n = 3 at each temperature. These temperatures were chosen based on existing literature describing sample preparation for the analysis of opiates in hair [30][31][32]. The second experiment assessed temperature over a more broad range, from 70 8C to 130 8C in 208 increments in order to support the findings of the first experiment.…”