The size of flames from natural fires

Thomas, P.H.

doi:10.1016/s0082-0784(63)80091-0

Cited by 320 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The Byram (1959) model, one of the most used and cited, estimates flame length based on fireline intensity, which in turn, is calculated from fire rate of spread, available fuel load and fuel heat content. The models of Thomas (1963) and Dupuy et al (2011), also calculate flame length based on fireline intensity. Fernandes (2009), through experimental burns in forests of Pinus pinaster in Portugal, formulated a model to describe flame length using fire rate of spread and fuel moisture content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelos Matemáticos Empíricos Para Descrever O Comportamento Do Fogo Em Plantações Comerciais De Eucalipto No Brasil

White

Ribeiro

et al. 2016

CERNE

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Modeling forest fire behavior is an important task that can be used to assist in fire prevention and suppression operations. However, according to previous studies, the existing common worldwide fire behavior models used do not correctly estimate the fire behavior in Brazilian commercial hybrid eucalypt plantations. Therefore, this study aims to build new empirical models to predict the fire rate of spread, flame length and fuel consumption for such vegetation. To meet these objectives, 105 laboratory experimental burns were done, where the main fuel characteristics and weather variables that influence fire behavior were controlled and/or measured in each experiment. Dependent and independent variables were fitted through multiple regression analysis. The fire rate of spread proposed model is based on the wind speed, fuel bed bulk density and 1-h dead fuel moisture content (r 2 = 0.86); the flame length model is based on the fuel bed depth, 1-h dead fuel moisture content and wind speed (r 2 = 0.72); the fuel consumption proposed model has the 1-h dead fuel moisture, fuel bed bulk density and 1-h dead dry fuel load as independent variables (r 2 = 0.80). These models were used to develop a new fire behavior software, the "Eucalyptus Fire Safety System". MODELOS MATEMÁTICOS EMPÍRICOS PARA DESCREVER O COMPORTAMENTO DO FOGO EM PLANTAÇÕES COMERCIAIS DE EUCALIPTO NO BRASILRESUMO: A modelagem do comportamento do fogo consiste em uma importante tarefa que pode ser utilizada para atividades de prevenção e combate. Entretanto, com base em estudos anteriores, os modelos comumente utilizados em outros países não o estimam corretamente nos plantios de eucalipto híbrido no Brasil. Sendo assim, este estudo teve por objetivo construir novos modelos empíricos para estimar a velocidade de propagação, comprimento das chamas e consumo do material combustível para o fogo dentro da respectiva vegetação em questão. Para tal, 105 queimas laboratoriais foram realizadas em que as principais características meteorológicas e do material combustível que poderiam interferir no comportamento do fogo foram controladas e/ou medidas. Variáveis dependentes e independentes foram correlacionadas por meio da regressão multivariada. O modelo para a velocidade de propagação proposto baseou-se na velocidade do vento, densidade do leito e no teor de umidade do material combustível de 1h de timelag (r 2 = 0,86); o modelo para o comprimento das chamas baseou-se na espessura do leito, no teor de umidade do material combustível de 1h de timelag e na velocidade do vento (r 2 = 0,72); o modelo para o consumo do material combustível teve como variáveis independentes o teor de umidade do material combustível de 1h de timelag, a densidade do leito e a carga do material combustível de 1h de timelag (r 2 = 0,80). Os modelos construídos serviram de base para o desenvolvimento do software "Eucalyptus Fire Safety System".

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelos Matemáticos Empíricos Para Descrever O Comportamento Do Fogo Em Plantações Comerciais De Eucalipto No Brasil

White

Ribeiro

et al. 2016

CERNE

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“…McCaffrey showed it could be used outside the buoyancy and pool fire regimes to correlate H/D over surprisingly broad regimes, including turbulent jet flames. The original correlation was presented as logarithmic plots of H/D against Q* 2/5 [3] and employed the experimental data in [11,24,33,[35][36][37][38][39]. Becker and Liang's data correlation [35] are shown on the present figure, as Q* attained 2·10 7 .…”

Section: The Q* Parametermentioning

confidence: 99%

Jet flame heights, lift-off distances, and mean flame surface density for extensive ranges of fuels and flow rates

Bradley

Gaskell

et al. 2016

Combustion and Flame

105

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An extensive review and re-thinking of jet flame heights and structure, extending into the choked/supersonic regime is presented, with discussion of the limitations of previous flame height correlations. Completely new dimensionless correlations for the plume heights, lift-off distances, and mean flame surface densities of atmospheric jet flames, in the absence of a cross wind, are presented. It was found that the same flow rate parameter could be used to correlate both plume heights and flame lift-off distances. These are related to the flame structure, jet flame instability, and flame extinction stretch rates, as revealed by complementary experiments and computational studies. The correlations are based on a vast experimental data base, covering 880 flame heights. They encompass pool fires and flares, as well as choked and unchoked jet flames of CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , C 3 H 8 , C 4 H 10 and H 2 , over a wide range of conditions. Supply pressures range from 0.06 to 90MPa, discharge diameters from 4·10 -4 to 1.32 m, and flame heights from 0.08 to 110 m. The computational studies enabled reaction zone volumes to be estimated, as a proportion of the plume volumes, measured from flame photographs, and temperature contours. This enabled mean flame surface densities to be estimated, together with mean volumetric heat releases rates. There is evidence of a "saturation" mean surface density and increases in turbulent burn rates being accomplished by near pro rata increases in the overall volume of reacting mixture.

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“…The CROWN module in BehavePlus includes models for spread rate and intensity (Byram 1959;Thomas 1963;Rothermel 1991), transition from surface to crown fire (Van Wagner 1977, 1989, 1993Finney 1998;Scott and Reinhardt 2001), conditions for active crown fire (Van Wagner 1977) and fire type (Van Wagner 1993;Finney 1998;Scott and Reinhardt 2001). The models were developed independently and, although not specifically designed to work together, the CROWN module provides a means of modelling the range of fire behaviour (Finney 1998;Scott and Reinhardt 2001).…”

Section: Crown Firementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As defined by Rothermel (1991), crown fire flame length is calculated using Thomas' (1963) model. Flame length is a function of crown fireline intensity, which is computed using the same basic model that is used for surface fire (Byram 1959).…”

Section: Crown Firementioning

confidence: 99%

Current status and future needs of the BehavePlus Fire Modeling System

Andrews¹

2014

Int. J. Wildland Fire

173

100

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Abstract. The BehavePlus Fire Modeling System is among the most widely used systems for wildland fire prediction. It is designed for use in a range of tasks including wildfire behaviour prediction, prescribed fire planning, fire investigation, fuel hazard assessment, fire model understanding, communication and research. BehavePlus is based on mathematical models for fire behaviour, fire effects and fire environment. It is a point system for which conditions are constant for each calculation, but is designed to encourage examination of the effect of a range of conditions through tables and graphs. BehavePlus is successor to BEHAVE, which was developed in 1977 and became available for field application in 1984. It was updated to BehavePlus in 2002. Updates through version 5 have added features and modelling capabilities. It is becoming increasingly difficult to expand the system. A redesign will address the need for consolidation with other systems and make it easier to incorporate new research results. This paper describes the development history and application of BehavePlus. The design, features and modelling foundation of the current system are described. Considerations for the next generation are presented.

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The size of flames from natural fires

Cited by 320 publications

References 8 publications

Modelos Matemáticos Empíricos Para Descrever O Comportamento Do Fogo Em Plantações Comerciais De Eucalipto No Brasil

Modelos Matemáticos Empíricos Para Descrever O Comportamento Do Fogo Em Plantações Comerciais De Eucalipto No Brasil

Jet flame heights, lift-off distances, and mean flame surface density for extensive ranges of fuels and flow rates

Current status and future needs of the BehavePlus Fire Modeling System

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