The Size, pH, and Redox Potential of the Cecum in Mice Associated with Various Microbial Floras

Celesk, Roger A.; Asano, Tomoaki; Wagner, M.

doi:10.3181/00379727-151-39187

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…In contrast, the obligatory anaerobes, Faecalibacterium , Prevotella , Roseburia , Unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus , and Bacteroides stayed at very low abundance in recipient mice (0.003–0.01%). The dominance of aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria over obligatory anaerobes in the colon of our recipient mice resemble the observation of gut microbiota composition of human neonates in the first week of life (Palmer et al, 2007), and this is probably because the intestine of both germ-free mice (Celesk et al, 1976) and human newborns younger than 1-week-old is still in an aerobic condition. However, while the aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria are replaced by obligatory anaerobic bacteria within first weeks of life in the gut microbiota of human infants (Palmer et al, 2007), the fecal microbiota of our recipient mice stabilized with the dominance of aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria for 4–6 weeks in different mice.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Development of Human Breast Milk Microbiota-Associated Mice as a Method to Identify Breast Milk Bacteria Capable of Colonizing Gut

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2017

Front. Microbiol.

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Human breast milk is recognized as one of multiple important sources of commensal bacteria for infant gut. Previous studies searched for the bacterial strains shared between breast milk and infant feces by isolating bacteria and performing strain-level bacterial genotyping, but only limited number of milk bacteria were identified to colonize infant gut, including bacteria from Bifidobacterium, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, and Escherichia/Shigella. Here, to identify the breast milk bacteria capable of colonizing gut without the interference of bacteria of origins other than the milk or the necessity to analyze infant feces, normal chow-fed germ-free mice were orally inoculated with the breast milk collected from a mother 2 days after vaginal delivery. According to 16S rRNA gene-based denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina sequencing, bacteria at >1% abundance in the milk inoculum were only Streptococcus (56.0%) and Staphylococcus (37.4%), but in the feces of recipient mice were Streptococcus (80.3 ± 2.3%), Corynebacterium (10.0 ± 2.6 %), Staphylococcus (7.6 ± 1.6%), and Propionibacterium (2.1 ± 0.5%) that were previously shown as dominant bacterial genera in the meconium of C-section-delivered human babies; the abundance of anaerobic gut-associated bacteria, Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, and Bacteroides, was 0.01–1% in the milk inoculum and 0.003–0.01% in mouse feces; the abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. was below the detection limit of Illumina sequencing in the milk but at 0.003–0.01% in mouse feces. The human breast milk microbiota-associated mouse model may be used to identify additional breast milk bacteria that potentially colonize infant gut.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Development of Human Breast Milk Microbiota-Associated Mice as a Method to Identify Breast Milk Bacteria Capable of Colonizing Gut

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2017

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Certainly this phenomenon has been demonstrated experimentally in mice, in which the redox potential of gut contents is considerably higher in germ-free animals than in gnotobiotes colonised by a facultative anaerobe (Celesk, Asano and Wagner, 1976). A highly reduced environment is not so critical for the growth of bifidobacteria (Mitsuoka and Kaneuchi, 1977), isolates from the babies often showing limited growth in aerobic conditions.…”

Section: P L Stark a N D A Leementioning

confidence: 92%

The Microbial Ecology of the Large Bowel of Breastfed and Formula-fed Infants During the First Year of Life

Stark

Lee

1982

Journal of Medical Microbiology

568

337

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SUMMARY.The succession of bacterial populations in the large bowel of seven breast-fed and seven formula-fed infants was examined during the first year of life. The composition of the intestinal microflora varied according to the infant's diet. During the first week of life breast-fed and formula-fed infants were colonised by enterobacteria and enterococci followed by bifidobacteria, Bacteroides spp., clostridia and anaerobic streptococci. From week 4 until solid foods were given, breast-fed babies had a simple flora consisting of bifidobacteria and relatively few enterobacteria and enterococci. Formula-fed babies during the corresponding period were more often colonised by other anaerobes in addition to bifidobacteria and had higher counts of facultatively anaerobic bacteria. The introduction of solid food to the breast-fed infants caused a major disturbance in the microbial ecology of the large bowel as counts of enterobacteria and enterococci rose sharply and colonisation by Bacteroides spp., clostridia and anaerobic streptococci occurred. This was not observed when formula-fed infants began to take solids; instead, counts of facultative anaerobes remained high while colonisation by anaerobes other than bifidobacteria continued. At 12 months, the anaerobic bacterial populations of the large bowel of breast-fed and formula-fed infants were beginning to resemble those of adults in number and composition and there was a corresponding decrease in the number of facultative anaerobes. These changes are discussed in relation to changes in susceptibility to gastro-intestinal infection.

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“…Lee et al (14) observed in mice that anaerobes play an essential role in the maintenance of a healthy functional structure of the gastrointestinal tract. In GN mice, a broad range of autochthonous and allochthonous organisms has been examined for their potential to reduce 746 the cecum to a conventional size (5). We have attempted to adapt cecum-conventionalizing microfloras for GF gerbils by using known organisms isolated from rats and mice.…”

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confidence: 99%

Distribution and effects of a defined six-member murine-derived microflora in gnotobiotic gerbils

Bartizal¹,

Wostmann²,

Wagner³

1984

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The gnotobiotic gerbil was selected as a model with which to study the effects of colonization with a defined microflora on organ morphology, histology, and selected blood biochemical parameters. Gerbils were maintained germfree for 13 months but failed to reproduce, presumably because of the enlarged cecum. A colony of gnotobiotic gerbils that was associated with a bacterial flora consisting of Lactobacillus brevis, Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Enterobacter aerogenes, and a Fusobacterium sp. was established. These gnotobiotic gerbils had smaller ceca than germfree gerbils and proved capable of reproduction. Except for the presence of large numbers of Bacteroides organisms in the stomach and greater numbers of S. epidermidis in gnotobiotic gerbils, the number and location of gastrointestinal bacteria were similar in conventional and gnotobiotic gerbils. Bacteroides sp. was the second most predominant microorganism present in gnotobiotic gerbils, whereas clostridia were reported to be the second most predominant microorganism in conventional gerbils. Microscopic examination of direct-impression smears indicated that fusobacteria were present on mucosal surfaces. Intestines of gnotobiotic gerbils weighed twice as much as the intestines of conventional gerbils. Intestinal tissue water weight values from conventional and gnotobiotic gerbils were similar. Histological examination of gerbil intestinal tissue revealed no cellular hypertrophy and no evidence of inflammation in gnotobiotic gerbil intestines. Spleens of gnotobiotic gerbils showed no germinal center stimulation. Statistical differences in total serum glucose, serum protein, and hematocrit levels were found between conventional and gnotobiotic gerbils.

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The Size, pH, and Redox Potential of the Cecum in Mice Associated with Various Microbial Floras

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Development of Human Breast Milk Microbiota-Associated Mice as a Method to Identify Breast Milk Bacteria Capable of Colonizing Gut

Development of Human Breast Milk Microbiota-Associated Mice as a Method to Identify Breast Milk Bacteria Capable of Colonizing Gut

The Microbial Ecology of the Large Bowel of Breastfed and Formula-fed Infants During the First Year of Life

Distribution and effects of a defined six-member murine-derived microflora in gnotobiotic gerbils

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