The Sizes of Businesses, Mainly in the Textile Industries

Abstract

THE object of this inquiry is to make a realistic study, mainly with regard to the textile industries, of the economic units which may be termed "businesses" or " firms." Our prime purpose is, in the first place, to discover whether a typical size belongs to each class of industrial unit, and, if so, whether there is a regular distribution of business magnitudes about the type, and, in the second place, to explain any uniformity disclosed. Incidentally, moreover, we shall aim in some cases at describing and accounting for the diverse natuires of businesses or firms. In a word, our work is a tentative realistic research in industrial morphology. Our material has been obtained from the following directories Messrs. Worrall's2: Cotton Spinners' and Manufacturers' Directory for Lancashire (1911). Cotton Spinners' and Manufacturers' Directory for Lancashire (1884). Continental Directory of Cotton Spinners and Manufacturers (1912-13). Yorkshire Textile Directory (1912-13). Textile Directory of Ireland, Scotland and Wales (1912). 1 MR. LEONARD F. B3EHRENs was associated with us at the beginning of our work for several months. The labour involved in the preparation of the section on weaving in Lancashire largely fell upon him. We desire to express here our obligations for his valuable collaboration. 2 We desire to express our obligations to Messrs. Worrall for material in their offices placed at our disposal and their readily accorded assistance on points of interpretation. VOL. LXXVII. PART V.

Geographic concentration and vertical disintegration: Evidence from China

“…For example, Chapman and Ashton (1914) use the number of equipment items; Gort (1962) (1955), and is widely used in the literature, e.g., Laffer (1969), Tucker and Wilder (1977), Levy (1984), and Holmes (1999). For a detailed discussion of vertical-integration measurement, see Perry (1989).…”

Agglomeration, opportunism, and the organization of production

“…The figures are slightly lower but still high for companies located in the suburbs: all services (49.5%), legal counsel (69.3%), major bank (52.2%), business insurance brokerage (54.3%), and auditing (70.7%) (Schwartz [37, p. 293]). Historical evidence of local outsourcing can be found in Chapman and Ashton [4], who show that there exists a positive relationship between agglomeration and disintegrated production in the British cotton textile industry. More recent evidence can be found in Scott [35,36], who considers the Los Angeles garment, printed circuit, and jewelry industries.…”

Determinants of Vertical Integration in Poultry Production in Ghana: Application of Count Data Models

“…In this study, we adopt a more data-driven approach (vertical integration indices) that permits the use of reliable and readily available data of poultry farms to measure the extent of vertical integration. The indices proposed by Chapman and Ashton (1914), and Gort (1962) based on the number of equipment and employees respectively used in different stages of production within the firm were adopted and modified to calculate the extent of vertical integration of the Ghanaian poultry industry. In this modified approach, the poultry farm's main activity (i.e., production of eggs and meat) is separated from its auxiliary activities and values assigned to each activity in the poultry value chain.…”