The small unmanned aircraft blunt criterion based injury potential estimation

Magister, Tone

doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2010.04.012

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Mass and velocity are merged into a single parameter: kinetic energy (KE). The blunt criterion (BC) is one of the most used in injury risk assessments for blunt impacts to the chest (Sturdivan et al 2004;Magister 2010;Frank et al 2011). It is defined by the following equation:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On ballistic parameters of less lethal projectiles influencing the severity of thoracic blunt impacts

Pavier

Langlet

Eches

et al. 2013

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering

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The development and safety certification of less lethal projectiles require an understanding of the influence of projectile parameters on projectile-chest interaction and on the resulting terminal effect. Several energy-based criteria have been developed for chest injury assessment. Many studies consider kinetic energy (KE) or energy density as the only projectile parameter influencing terminal effect. In a common KE range (100-160 J), analysis of the firing tests of two 40 mm projectiles of different masses on animal surrogates has been made in order to investigate the severity of the injuries in the thoracic region. Experimental results have shown that KE and calibre are not sufficient to discriminate between the two projectiles as regards their injury potential. Parameters, such as momentum, shape and impedance, influence the projectile-chest interaction and terminal effect. A simplified finite element model of projectile-structure interaction confirms the experimental tendencies. Within the range of ballistic parameters used, it has been demonstrated that maximum thoracic deflection is a useful parameter to predict the skeletal level of injury, and it largely depends on the projectile pre-impact momentum. However, numerical simulations show that these results are merely valid for the experimental conditions used and cannot be generalised. Nevertheless, the transmitted impulse seems to be a more general factor governing the thorax deflection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On ballistic parameters of less lethal projectiles influencing the severity of thoracic blunt impacts

Pavier

Langlet

Eches

et al. 2013

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering

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show abstract

“…Models relating impact kinetic energy to human injury have been developed (Clare et al 1975;Sturdivan et al 2004;Bir et al 2004;Bir and Viano 2004;Magister 2010). The blunt body criterion BC is used here (Clare et al 1975;Bir and Viano 2004;Magister 2010)…”

Section: Analyze Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where k is the coefficient for chest wall thickness (;0.711 for male; ;0.593 for female), D is the characteristic impact diameter of the UA (cm), and M is the mass of the person being impacted (kg). The BC is linearly related to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) (Sturdivan et al 2004;Magister 2010):…”

Section: Analyze Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weather Hazard Risk Quantification for sUAS Safety Risk Management

Roseman

Argrow

2020

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

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As the number of applications for small unmanned (i.e., remotely operated) aircraft systems (sUAS) continues to grow, comprehensive safety risk assessment studies are required to ensure their safe integration into the National Airspace System. One source of hazards for sUAS that has not been extensively addressed is adverse weather. A framework is presented for analyzing weather forecast data to provide sUAS operators with risk assessment information that they can use for making risk-aware decisions. The sUAS Weather Risk Model (sWRM) framework quantifies weather hazard risk for sUAS operations in rural to urban environments using weather forecast, population density, structure density, and sUAS data. sWRM is developed by following the safety risk management guidelines from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Development of sWRM highlights a number of aerospace and meteorological research areas that must be addressed prior to weather risk models for sUAS becoming operational. Primary among these research areas is developing widely available finescale (<1 km) weather forecasts and conducting extensive sUAS flight-report studies to accurately estimate parameters of Bayesian belief network conditional probability tables used in the proposed framework. As a proof of concept, sWRM was applied over Boulder, Colorado, using the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh weather product. This initial demonstration of sWRM highlights the potential effectiveness of a detailed risk assessment model that takes into account high-resolution weather and environmental data.

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“…For medium-sized helicopters (65 cm rotor diameter) the eye injury resulting from impact with a dislodged rotorblade at full speed can cause full rupture of the eye ball resulting in immediate and permanent loss of sight. 35 A study with an airworthiness certification perspective 36 looks at less than 15 kg aircraft and applies the empirically based blunt (ballistic impact) criteria (BC) from Bir and Viano 37 to relate aircraft mass to injury severity. BC is basically kinetic energy relative to impact area, mass of impact object, and thickness of the body wall of the target.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass threshold for ‘harmless’ drones

Cour-Harbo

2017

International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles

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Today it is possible to buy small and cheap drones in toy stores, supermarkets, and on numerous online shops. Often, these drones are very lightweight and are flown in backyards, sport fields, parking lots, and such places. They typically pose no lethal threat to people in the vicinity of the drone. Nonetheless, in many countries such drones are regulated by aviation rules that does not (sufficiently well) distinguish between these drones and the larger hobby or professional drones. Consequently such small drones are flown illegally. This has prompted some national aviation authorities to consider a form of 'harmless' category, which ideally should be based on a mass threshold. To aid such a classification this work proposes a mass threshold of 250 g, below which, we argue, it is reasonable to classify drones as 'harmless' in the sense that the expected fatality rate is equivalent to that of manned aviation. In this work we combine a series of models and methods to provide a foundation for giving a mass threshold. The approach is probabilistic and focuses on the relation between mass and human injury in the case of small drones. The approach is also parameterized such that readers can substitute other probabilities and conduct their own calculations, possibly determining a different mass threshold.

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The small unmanned aircraft blunt criterion based injury potential estimation

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

On ballistic parameters of less lethal projectiles influencing the severity of thoracic blunt impacts

On ballistic parameters of less lethal projectiles influencing the severity of thoracic blunt impacts

Weather Hazard Risk Quantification for sUAS Safety Risk Management

Mass threshold for ‘harmless’ drones

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