“…Word association is a classic technique used to study semantic representation, (Nelson, McEvoy, Walling, & Wheeler, 1980;Wilson & Kiss, 1988;Moss, Older, & Older, 1996;Joyce, 2005;Jung, Li, & Akama, 2010;De Deyne, Navarro, & Storms, 2013;De Deyne, Navarro, Perfors, Brysbaert, & Storms, 2019), and our approach builds on previous studies that have compared word association data across languages (Szalay & Maday, 1973;Szalay & Deese, 1978;Ufimtseva, 2014). Our analyses draw on data from the "Small World of Words" (SWOW), the largest word association study in the literature (Cabana, Zugarramurdi, Lisboa, & De Deyne, 2022;De Deyne et al, 2013, 2019. 5 For each cue in this study, participants were provided three responses: for example, three possible responses to two are couple, three and double.…”