The Smeaton Project: Factors Affecting the Properties of Lime-Based Mortars

Teutonico, Jeanne Marie; McCaig, Iain; Burns, Colin; Ashurst, John

doi:10.2307/1504464

Cited by 46 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Their selection took into account the results of the tests described above and their characteristics. Regarding the origin of the waste materials and their production methods, lower heating temperatures were preferred, partly because of the energy sustainability aspect, but mainly because the pozzolanic potential is likely to be higher for ceramics fired at lower temperatures [4]. Moreover, the type of product (bricks, tiles or pottery) was also considered important, to extend possibilities.…”

Section: Selection and Supplementary Characterization Of Ceramic Wastmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Veiga et al [4], who established some indicative requirements for replacing mortar in old buildings, an acceptable range has been established from 0. Mortars that only contained granular ceramic particles and had higher substitution percentages were very close to the defined lower limit, even at 60 days of age.…”

Section: Mechanical Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temperature of the thermal treatment seems to be an aspect of critical importance. According to researchers [1,[4][5][6][7][8][9] the amount of amorphous material produced is strongly influenced by the clay mineralogy, and the ideal temperature to develop reactivity also varies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lime mortars with ceramic wastes: Characterization of components and their influence on the mechanical behaviour

Matias¹,

Faria

Torres

2014

Construction and Building Materials

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Considering the fundamental importance of preserving the built heritage and of ensuring the good performance achieved by incorporating ceramic particles in lime mortars in ancient times, it is important to study solutions that use materials the available today, in order to produce mortars intended to repair and replace the old ones. Solutions incorporating industrial ceramic waste might be profitable for several reasons, namely for economic, environmental and technical aspects. In this paper, seven ceramic waste products collected from ceramics factories are characterized. Their mineralogy, dimensional features and pozzolanicity were determined. Three of these products, with different particle size fractions (obtained directly from milling, dust only and fragment fractions only), were selected, incorporated into air lime mortars, and their mechanical strength was determined. In the present work, evidence of mechanical efficiency, when common sand or air lime were partially replaced by ceramic wastes, was made clear, drawing attention to the sustainability of this type of mortars, hence, encouraging further research. Highlights: Lime mortars with ceramic dust and fragments have been often used in the past.  Ceramic waste incorporated in mortars compositions may work as a natural pigment.

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Section: Selection and Supplementary Characterization Of Ceramic Wastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanical Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lime mortars with ceramic wastes: Characterization of components and their influence on the mechanical behaviour

Matias¹,

Faria

Torres

2014

Construction and Building Materials

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“…This is a misconception partially due to a lack of knowledge and insufficient research on lime-mortar bond strength. For example, outstanding research works such as the Smeaton Project [8] have identified bond strength as crucial but have not measured the property. The objective of this paper is to quantify the bond strength of natural hydraulic lime mortars of different hydraulic strengths (NHL2, 3.5 and 5), and investigate the effect of the mortars' hydraulicity, water retention and water content on the strength of the bond.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexural bond strength of natural hydraulic lime mortar and clay brick

Pavía

Hanley

2009

Mater Struct

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This paper measures the bond strength of natural hydraulic-lime (NHL) mortars, to further characterise their properties and enhance their use in building. An additional objective is to correlate bond strength with mortar hydraulicity, water content, workability and water retention, to develop mortars of high bond strength that would improve the quality of masonry. To this aim, the flexural bond strength of masonry, built with mortars of three hydraulic strengths-each including the water amount required to attain three specific flows (165, 185 and 195 mm), was measured with the bond wrench test. The results suggest that NHL mortars possess high water retention, and this enables a strong bond that compares well to that of Portland cement and cement/ lime mortars. The results also indicate that bond strength is not determined by the binder's hydraulic strength, but it increases proportionally to the mortar's water retention. The paper concludes that for the NHL5 mortars, the 185 mm flow results in the strongest bond, simultaneously providing the highest water retention and best workability. However, for the lower strengths (NHL 2 and NHL 3.5 mortars), the water content required to attain the flows that provide an optimum workability (165 and 165-185 mm, respectively) does not lead to the strongest bond, but it is the highest flow values that provide the NHL2 and NHL3.5 mortars with the strongest bond and, in most instances, the highest water retention.

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“…The Smeaton Project, carried out by Teutonico et al [57], was intended to evaluate the behaviour of lime and cement mortars with pozzolanic additions for repairs and maintenance in old buildings. The specific case of Hadrian's Wall, from the Roman Empire, was studied.…”

Section: Studies Of the Pozzolanicity Of Heat Treated Clays And Ceramicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lime mortars with heat treated clays and ceramic waste: A review

Matias¹,

Faria

Torres

2014

Construction and Building Materials

105

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The formulation and use of lime mortars with ceramic particles has, in the past, been a very common technique. Knowledge of such used techniques and materials is fundamental for the successful rehabilitation and conservation of the built heritage. The durability that these mortars have shown encourages the study of the involved mechanisms, so that they may be adapted to the current reality. The considerable amount of waste from old ceramics factories which is sent for disposal might present an opportunity for the production of reliable improved lime mortars. In this paper a number of studies that characterize old building mortars containing ceramic fragments are reviewed. The most important research undertaken on laboratory prepared mortars with several heat treated clays types is presented, specifically with incorporated ceramic waste.Some studies on the pozzolanicity of heat treated clays are examined and the heating temperatures that seem most likely to achieve pozzolanicity are presented. It was verified that some heating temperatures currently used by ceramic industries might correspond to the temperatures that will achieve pozzolanicity. Highlights: The use of air lime mortars with ceramics is well known from the past. Fine particles of heat treated clays have proven to be potentially pozzolanic. Repair mortars must have a behaviour similar to the ones already in place. Knowledge of old mortars is fundamental for the conservation of the built heritage. The use of ceramic waste in mortars has technical and environmental advantages.

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The Smeaton Project: Factors Affecting the Properties of Lime-Based Mortars

Cited by 46 publications

References 6 publications

Lime mortars with ceramic wastes: Characterization of components and their influence on the mechanical behaviour

Lime mortars with ceramic wastes: Characterization of components and their influence on the mechanical behaviour

Flexural bond strength of natural hydraulic lime mortar and clay brick

Lime mortars with heat treated clays and ceramic waste: A review

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