The Snapdragon LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL Plays A Dual Role in Activating Floral Growth and Scent Emission

Terry, Marta I.; Pérez-Sánz, Fernando; Navarro, Pedro J.; Weiß, Julia; Egea‐Cortines, Marcos

doi:10.3390/cells8080920

Cited by 14 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ stress response 16 , the expression of seed storage proteins 17 , biomass production [18][19][20] , flower orientation 19 and flower scent emission [21][22][23][24] .…”

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confidence: 99%

The clock gene Gigantea 1 from Petunia hybrida coordinates vegetative growth and inflorescence architecture

Brandoli

Petri

Egea‐Cortines

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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the gene GIGANTEA (GI) appeared early in land plants. it is a single copy gene in most plants and is found in two to three copies in Solanaceae. We analyzed the silencing of one GI copy, Petunia hybrida GI1 (PhGI1), by hairpin RNAs in Petunia in order to gain knowledge about its range of functions. Decreased transcript levels of PhGI1 were accompanied also by a reduction of PhGI2. They were further associated with increased time period between two consecutive peaks for PhGI1 and CHANEL (PhCHL), the orthologue of the blue light receptor gene ZEITLUPE (ZTL), confirming its role in maintaining circadian rhythmicity. Silenced plants were bigger with modified internode length and increased leaf size while flowering time was not altered. We uncovered a new function for PhGI1 as silenced plants showed reduction of flower bud number and the appearance of two flower buds in the bifurcation point, were normally one flower bud and the inflorescence meristem separate. Furthermore, one of the flower buds consistently showed premature flower abortion. Flowers that developed fully were significantly smaller as a result of decreased cell size. Even so the circadian pattern of volatile emission was unchanged in the silenced lines, flowers emitted 20% less volatiles on fresh weight basis over 24 hours and showed changes in the scent profile. Our results indicate a novel role of PhGI1 in the development of reproductive organs in Petunia. PhGI1 therefore represses growth in vegetative plant parts, maintains the typical cymose inflorescence structure, and inhibits premature flower abortion. The evolution of land plants has included amongst other adaptations the increase in complexity of the circadian clock. Predictable changes in the environment, as light and temperature, are anticipated by the plant circadian clock, which allows them to adjust their developmental and physiological traits. Most detailed studies on plant circadian clock have been performed in Arabidopsis thaliana 1. The plant circadian clock is based on a set of genes forming several overlapping loops interacting with each other via transcriptional and post-translational activation and repression 2. Based on the time of the day when the mRNA of the gene shows its expression maximum, the genes included in this oscillator have been classified as the morning loop, midday or core loop and evening loop 3. In Arabidopsis, LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1), two MYB transcription factors, form the central circadian oscillator complex, together with PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (PRR1), better known as TIMING OF CAB1 (TOC1). PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 9 (PRR9) and 7 (PRR7) form the morning loop genes and the evening complex is formed by the three proteins EARLY FLOWERING 3 and 4 (ELF3 and ELF4) and LUX ARHYTHMO (LUX). These clock genes are interconnected via negative autoregulatory feedback loops, meaning that they reciprocally regulate each other 1,4-6. Light input is received by ZEITLUPE (ZTL), a gene containing an F-box domain and a blue-li...

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confidence: 99%

The clock gene Gigantea 1 from Petunia hybrida coordinates vegetative growth and inflorescence architecture

Brandoli

Petri

Egea‐Cortines

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The plant clock is an important coordinator of primary and secondary metabolism in plants. It defines the timing of floral scent emission and floral blend in a variety of plants including Antirrhinum majus, Nicotiana attenuatta , or Petunia [35,36,37,38]. The plant circadian clock appears to have a specific transcriptional structure in different tissues such as leaves, pods, seeds, or roots [13,14,75,76].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most flowers analyzed emit scent preferentially during the day or during the night. The LHY and ZTL orthologs control scent emission in Petunia , Nicotiana attenuata , and Antirrhinum majus [35,36,37,38]. The Solanaceae Petunia and Nicotiana emit higher quantities during the night, indicating an identity and circadian component controlling this trait [34,39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional Structure of Petunia Clock in Leaves and Petals

Terry

Carrera-Alesina

Weiß

et al. 2019

Genes

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The plant circadian clock coordinates environmental signals with internal processes including secondary metabolism, growth, flowering, and volatile emission. Plant tissues are specialized in different functions, and petals conceal the sexual organs while attracting pollinators. Here we analyzed the transcriptional structure of the petunia (Petunia x hybrida) circadian clock in leaves and petals. We recorded the expression of 13 clock genes in petunia under light:dark (LD) and constant darkness (DD). Under light:dark conditions, clock genes reached maximum expression during the light phase in leaves and the dark period in petals. Under free running conditions of constant darkness, maximum expression was delayed, especially in petals. Interestingly, the rhythmic expression pattern of PhLHY persisted in leaves and petals in LD and DD. Gene expression variability differed among leaves and petals, time of day and photoperiod. The transcriptional noise was higher especially in leaves under constant darkness. We found that PhPRR7, PhPRR5, and PhGI paralogs showed changes in gene structure including exon number and deletions of CCT domain of the PRR family. Our results revealed that petunia petals presented a specialized clock.

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“…Leaves of Antirrhinum majus and A. linkianum revealed a gated growth pattern when analyzed with GAM fittings (Figure 3). Previous work has shown that flower growth in Antirrhinum majus has an asymptotic pattern and growth rate is controlled by the MYB circadian clock LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (AmLHY) [34]. The floral growth rate is not gated, indicating an organ-specific coordination of growth by the plant clock.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies using the LUCIFERASE reporter genes in Arabidopsis and image acquisition paved the way to identify mutations in highly complex processes, such as circadian clock [32] or abiotic stress responses [33]. Further studies have used tobacco [14], petunia [10], tomato [21] or snapdragon [34] to identify diel growth patterns or the effect of gene knockdowns on growth. Both field and confined image-based phenomics share a common set of tools and solutions to acquire and process images.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Proposed Methodology to Analyze Plant Growth and Movement from Phenomics Data

et al. 2019

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Image analysis of developmental processes in plants reveals both growth and organ movement. This study proposes a methodology to study growth and movement. It includes the standard acquisition of internal and external reference points and coordinates, coordinates transformation, curve fitting and the corresponding statistical analysis. Several species with different growth habits were used including Antirrhinum majus, A. linkianum, Petunia x hybrida and Fragaria x ananassa. Complex growth patterns, including gated growth, could be identified using a generalized additive model. Movement, and in some cases, growth, could not be adjusted to curves due to drastic changes in position. The area under the curve was useful in order to identify the initial stage of growth of an organ, and its growth rate. Organs displayed either continuous movements during the day with gated day/night periods of maxima, or sharp changes in position coinciding with day/night shifts. The movement was dependent on light in petunia and independent in F. ananassa. Petunia showed organ movement in both growing and fully-grown organs, while A. majus and F. ananassa showed both leaf and flower movement patterns linked to growth. The results indicate that different mathematical fits may help quantify growth rate, growth duration and gating. While organ movement may complicate image and data analysis, it may be a surrogate method to determine organ growth potential.

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The Snapdragon LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL Plays A Dual Role in Activating Floral Growth and Scent Emission

Cited by 14 publications

References 65 publications

The clock gene Gigantea 1 from Petunia hybrida coordinates vegetative growth and inflorescence architecture

The clock gene Gigantea 1 from Petunia hybrida coordinates vegetative growth and inflorescence architecture

Transcriptional Structure of Petunia Clock in Leaves and Petals

A Proposed Methodology to Analyze Plant Growth and Movement from Phenomics Data

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