The So-Called Genus<i>Candida</i>Berkhout, 1923

Mackinnon, J. E.; Artagaveytia-allende, R. C.

doi:10.1128/jb.49.4.317-334.1945

Cited by 25 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Further confusion was added by the results of Mackinnon and Artagaveytia-Allende (1945). Using Lodder's auxanographic technique, these authors found C. pelliculosa able to utilize asparagine and peptone but not ammonium sulfate or urea.…”

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A Critical Evaluation of the Nitrogen Assimilation Tests Commonly Used in the Classification of Yeasts

1946

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The ability of some groups of closely related yeasts to use potassium nitrate as a source of nitrogen was applied successfully by Stelling-Dekker (1931) to the classification of the sporogenous yeasts. Later, Lodder (1934) added other nitrogen compounds, namely, ammonium sulfate, urea, asparagine, and peptone, in diagnostic tests for her classification of the nonsporogenous, nonfilamentous yeasts. She employed a modification of Beijerinck's (1889) auxanographic technique in the following manner: About 2 ml of a dense suspension of the yeast to be tested were placed in a petri dish. It was assumed on the basis of Wildiers' (1901) work that the use of such a heavy inoculation of cells would provide adequate growth factors. An agar medium consisting of 2 per cent glucose, 0.1 per cent potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.05 per cent magnesium sulfate, and 2.0 per cent washed agar was cooled to 40 C and poured into the dish. The medium and yeast were quickly mixed. After the medium had solidified, the plate was placed in an incubator to dry for a few hours at 30 C. Then small portions of the nitrogen-containing compounds were placed on the solid surface of the inoculated agar. On incubation at 25 C, an area of growth was produced around those compounds that were assimilated. Lodder's study disclosed that a majority of the yeasts with which she worked were capable of utilizing all the compounds that she had introduced. However, some species of Torulopsis and all species of Kloeckera failed to assimilate ammonium sulfate, urea, and asparagine. These facts were subsequently incorporated in her descriptions of species and genera. These nitrogen compounds, as well as the use of the auxanographic plate method, were generally adopted for diagnostic purposes by succeeding workers in Europe and South America. Langeron and Guerra (1938) used Lodder's medium and technique for their study of filamentous yeasts belonging to the genus Candida. Because they found that urea diffused through the medium so rapidly that it sometimes overlapped the diffusion zones of other nitrogen sources, only one other test substance was placed in the same plate. Langeron and Guerra found that 2 of their 16 species of Candida, C. pelliculosa and C. zeylanoides, utilized peptone only, but 6 assimilated urea. At variance with these results were the findings of Diddens and Lodder (1942) with respect to the assimilation reactions of the Candida species. They found that C. pelliculosa and C. zeylanoides utilized ammonium sulfate, urea, and asparagine in addition to peptone, and that the species C. tropicalis, C. guil-1 One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

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A Critical Evaluation of the Nitrogen Assimilation Tests Commonly Used in the Classification of Yeasts

1946

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“…C. albicans genomic libraries were either obtained in-house (in plasmid YEp13 from strain SC5314; Gillum et al, 1984) or were kindly provided by Dr S. Scherer (in plasmid pSS1041 from strain 655 (ATCC56884); Goshorn et al, 1992) or Dr Y. Koltin (in plasmid pYSK35 from strain B-792; Fling et al, 1991). C. albicans strains used in chromosome blots were clinical isolates: strain 2023 (ATCC10261; MacKinnon et al, 1945), A-81Pu (Kwon-Chung and Hill, 1970), B-311, B-792, FC18 (ATCC62376; Whelan and Magee, 1981) and SC5314 (Bristol-Myers Squibb Culture Collection).…”

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Isolation and Characterization of theCandida albicans PFY1 Gene for Profilin

Ostrander

Gorman

1997

Yeast

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We have isolated the Candida albicans gene for profilin, PFY1. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers based on regions of high homology were utilized to obtain a polymerase chain reaction‐amplified copy of the gene. This was then used as a probe to isolate the gene from a C. albicans genomic library. Our studies indicate that the full‐length gene is unstable in Escherichia coli. Several clones were sequenced, and the predicted amino acid sequence demonstrated homology with profilin proteins from other organisms, most notably Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Northern analysis revealed that the gene is expressed in C. albicans. Attempts to express the gene in S. cerevisiae cells were unsuccessful until the C. albicans promoter was replaced with an S. cerevisiae promoter. Functional complementation of the gene was demonstrated in S. cerevisiae profilin‐requiring cells. Antibodies raised to isolated C. albicans profilin protein recognized a protein of the predicted molecular weight when the gene was expressed in S. cerevisiae cells. The sequence of the C. albicans PFY1 gene has been deposited in the Genome Sequence database under Accession Number L3783. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…The mycelium is entirely a pseudomycelium, never a true mycelium as sometimes is found in C. albicans, for instance. Mackinnon and Artagaveytia-Allende (169,171) have called attention to the fact that this species is very like, probably identical with, Mycoderma cerevisiae and indeed Mackinnon (168) that the perfect stage of many species of Candida is Saccharomyces (68), but it is evident that the perfect stage of C. Krusei and of Mycoderma would be Pichia. The possibility of C. Krusei being the dissociated stage of Mycoderma should be investigated.…”

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The Yeast-Like Fungi: Candida and Brettanomyces

Skinner¹

1947

Bacteriological Reviews

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names which we do not accept and have been corrected in accordance with the common interpretation of the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, the latter by Buchwald (26), the former by the author" (253). Henrici (111) called attention to the fact that the primary division of yeasts which produce mycelium from those which do not is one that is difficult to make in practice. Most yeasts, if they are studied sufficiently, will be found to produce pseudomycelium or sometime possibly even true mycelium. There are all gradations between no pseudomycelium at all and a pseudomycelium so well developed that it can hardly be differentiated from true mycelium except by following through its formation as it develops in the microscopic field. Stelling-Dekker avoided this difficulty by classifying together ascosporogenous yeasts with and without mycelium. Lodder chose to divide the Cryptococcaceae (Torulopsidaceae) into two subfamilies on this basis. Frankly, the author does not like this division but must confess that he cannot suggest a better one. It is evident that this has given Diddens and Lodder some difficulty also. Diddens and Lodder's subdivision of the Candidoideae into only three genera is both logical and convenient. It is made on the basis of the type of thallospores produced, blastospores or arthrospores. Forms which produce blastospores only are put in the genus Candida or the genus BreUanomyces, those which produce both blastospores and arthrospores are put in the genus Trichosporon, those which produce arthrospores but not blastospores are excluded from the family. These include such organisms as Geotrichum candidum (Oidium lactia). OLD AND RECENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF CANDIDA Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout is not only the type species of the genus but it is the outstanding species in importance and interest. The confusion in the nomenclature of this species may be appreciated from the fact that Ciferri, Redaelli and Cavallero (52) in 1938 found 45 different binomial synonyms, Diddens and Lodder in 1942 (69) cite 87, and Conant and associates, in 1944 (56) state that there are 172 in the literature! It was just 100 years ago, in 1847, that Robin first described a species 1947] 23

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The So-Called GenusCandidaBerkhout, 1923

Cited by 25 publications

References 22 publications

A Critical Evaluation of the Nitrogen Assimilation Tests Commonly Used in the Classification of Yeasts

A Critical Evaluation of the Nitrogen Assimilation Tests Commonly Used in the Classification of Yeasts

Isolation and Characterization of theCandida albicans PFY1 Gene for Profilin

The Yeast-Like Fungi: Candida and Brettanomyces

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