The social costs of child abuse in Japan

Wada, Ichiro; Igarashi, Ataru

doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.08.002

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Child abuse is a challenging issue in public health as it affects the physical, psychological, and social health outcomes of individuals for a lifetime [ 1 – 9 ]. From a societal perspective, child abuse imposes a substantial financial burden on societies as it creates high direct and indirect costs in low, middle, and high-income countries [ 10 – 12 ]. Existing research has identified the following characteristics as being associated with a higher risk for child abuse: parental depression, anxiety and anger-hyperactivity, parent stress, poor parent–child interactions, and low social support [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet-based behavioural activation to improve depressive symptoms and prevent child abuse in postnatal women (SmartMama): a protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial

Obikane

Baba

Shinozaki

et al. 2021

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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Background Child abuse and postnatal depression are two public health problems that often co-occur, with rates of childhood maltreatment highest during the first year of life. Internet-based behavioural activation (iBA) therapy has demonstrated its efficacy for improving postnatal depression. No study has examined whether the iBA program is also effective at preventing child abuse. This study aims to investigate whether iBA improves depressive symptoms among mothers and prevents abusive behaviours towards children in postpartum mothers in a randomized controlled trial, stratifying on depressive mood status. The study also evaluates the implementation aspects of the program, including how users, medical providers, and managers perceive the program in terms of acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, and harm done. Methods The study is a non-blinded, stratified randomized controlled trial. Based on cut-off scores validated on Japanese mothers, participants will be stratified to either a low Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) group, (EPDS 0–8 points) or a high EPDS group (EPDS ≥9 points). A total of 390 postnatal women, 20 years or older, who have given birth within 10 weeks and have regular internet-access will be recruited at two hospitals. Participants will be randomly assigned to either treatment, with treatment as usual (TAU) or through intervention groups. The TAU group receives 12 weekly iBA sessions with online assignments and feedback from trained therapists. Co-primary outcomes are maternal depressive symptoms (EPDS) and psychological aggression toward children (Conflict Tactic Scale 1) at the 24-week follow-up survey. Secondary outcomes include maternal depressive symptoms, parental stress, bonding relationship, quality of life, maternal health care use, and paediatric outcomes such as physical development, preventive care attendance, and health care use. The study will also investigate the implementation outcomes of the program. Discussion The study investigates the effectiveness of the iBA program for maternal depressive symptoms and psychological aggression toward children, as well as implementation outcomes, in a randomized-controlled trial. The iBA may be a potential strategy for improving maternal postnatal depression and preventing child abuse. Trial registration The study protocol (issue date: 2019-Mar-01, original version 2019005NI-00) was registered at the UMIN Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN-CTR: ID UMIN 000036864).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet-based behavioural activation to improve depressive symptoms and prevent child abuse in postnatal women (SmartMama): a protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial

Obikane

Baba

Shinozaki

et al. 2021

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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“…Previous research has found that victims of child abuse are more likely than nonvictims to suffer from mental and chronic illnesses, behavioral problems, interpersonal problems, and decreased productivity, with effects that continue into adulthood [ 1 ]. The economic losses from child abuse are $120 billion per year in the United States [ 2 ], while the social costs (e.g., costs of child social welfare services, medical costs) are $16 billion in Japan [ 3 ]. Child abuse is associated with public health problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Work-Related Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Child Welfare Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Kataoka

Nishi

2021

IJERPH

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Child welfare workers often experience work-related traumatic events and may be at risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can hinder early interventions for child abuse. This study examined the association between each single work-related traumatic event experienced by child welfare workers and the cumulative number of traumatic event types with PTSD symptoms. A checklist of traumatic events was used to investigate work-related traumatic events. The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) was used to screen for PTSD symptoms. Two multivariate analyses were performed. A total of 140 workers were included in the analyses. In the first multivariate analysis, the event, “Witnessed a parent violently beating, hitting, kicking, or otherwise injuring a child or the other parent during work” (β = 11.96; 95% CI, 2.11–21.80; p < 0.05) and resilience (β = −0.60; 95% CI, −0.84 to −0.36; p < 0.01) were significantly associated with PTSD symptoms, as was resilience in the second multivariate analysis (β = −0.60; 95%CI, −0.84 to −0.36; p < 0.01). The association between the cumulative number of event types and PTSD symptoms was not significant, but it was stronger when the cumulative number was four or more. The findings suggest the importance of reducing child welfare worker exposure to traumatic events.

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“…Paralleling with growing concerns on child maltreatment, the number of the related analysis of the prevalence, health consequences and economic burden is increasing. So far, for the economic burden there are two typical research frameworks: one is a comprehensively costs evaluation from healthcare, social, educational areas, and loss in productivity et al [9][10][11][12][13]; another one is to measure related economic and disease burden [14,15]. Wada et al (2014) reported the social costs of child abuse in Japan included direct costs of dealing with abuse and the indirect costs related to longterm damage from abuse during the fiscal year 2012.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, for the economic burden there are two typical research frameworks: one is a comprehensively costs evaluation from healthcare, social, educational areas, and loss in productivity et al [9][10][11][12][13]; another one is to measure related economic and disease burden [14,15]. Wada et al (2014) reported the social costs of child abuse in Japan included direct costs of dealing with abuse and the indirect costs related to longterm damage from abuse during the fiscal year 2012. On the other hand, the first framework is likely to underestimate long-term deleterious effects of child maltreatment, on which evidence derived from longitudinal studies is less available compared to that on the short-term counterpart [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The burden of disease and the cost of illness attributable to child maltreatment in Japan: long-term health consequences largely matter

Gai

Tachibana

et al. 2020

BMC Public Health

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Background: Child maltreatment leads to enormous adverse short-and long-term health outcomes. The aim of this study is to estimate the burden of disease and the cost of illness attributable to child maltreatment in Japan. Methods: An incidence-based top-down cost of illness analysis was conducted to estimate medical costs and burden of disease attributable to child maltreatment based on a societal perspective. The assessment included short-term and long-term medical costs and burden of disease measured by Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) that generates mortality and morbidities, based on several national surveys and systematic review. We considered the main types of child maltreatment as exposure, for which the incidence was obtained from literature review. Based on population attributable fractions (PAFs), burden of disease of physical and mental health consequences attributable to child maltreatment were estimated. Then DALYs were converted into monetary value. The lifetime economic burden was finally estimated by combining with medical costs and subject to sensitivity analysis. Results: The lifetime disease burden expressed in DALYs was estimated at 1,047,580 DALYs (95% CI 788,388-1326, 80 DALYs) for the cohort victims in 2016. Based on the incidence according to literature review, the overall lifetime economic burden was 50.24 billion USD, equivalent to 1.3 million times of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Among the total economic burden, costs of suffering and pain based on DALYs were accounting for 81.3%. These estimates were 7-8 times of conservative estimates which used incidence data from official reported cases. Conclusions: This study found that the national lifetime cost was huge and equivalent to 1.3 million GDP per capita, and its burden of disease was approximately equal to that of colon and rectum cancers or stomach cancer. Our findings particularly in terms of revealed the considerable burden of disease in long term and potential effects of the strengthened maternal and child care as the preventive strategy.

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The social costs of child abuse in Japan

Cited by 21 publications

References 3 publications

Internet-based behavioural activation to improve depressive symptoms and prevent child abuse in postnatal women (SmartMama): a protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial

Internet-based behavioural activation to improve depressive symptoms and prevent child abuse in postnatal women (SmartMama): a protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial

Association between Work-Related Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Child Welfare Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study

The burden of disease and the cost of illness attributable to child maltreatment in Japan: long-term health consequences largely matter

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