The Social Limits of Reconstructive Surgery: Stigma in Facially Disfigured Cancer Patients

Towards a better understanding of the social stigma of facial difference

“…With respect to stigma by association, families may respond in ways similar to people with FD, such as withdrawal or concealment (Bonanno, 2012;Kerr et al, 2020;. Stigma is distressing and thus often a motivation for parents to seek medical or surgical advice (Williams et al, 2003).…”