The social psychology of the vertebrates.

Crawford, Meredith P.

doi:10.1037/h0056268

Cited by 61 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Social facilitation is defined by Crawford (9) as "any increment of individual activity which results from the presence of another individual." In the present experiment possible social facilitation was held constant by the presence of another animal in the duplicate cage in all four groups.…”

Section: Journal Of Genetic Psychologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Factors of Observational Learning in Cats

Adler

1955

The Journal of Genetic Psychology

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Section: Journal Of Genetic Psychologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Factors of Observational Learning in Cats

Adler

1955

The Journal of Genetic Psychology

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“…The term includes increases in behavior that occur in the presence of another animal engaged in the same behavior, a "co-action effect", as well as increases in behavior that occur in the mere presence of another animal, an "audience effect" (Zajonc, 1965). Feeding, the behavior most frequently studied, has been socially facilitated in many species under conditions of food satiation as well as food deprivation (see reviews by Crawford, 1939;Smith and Ross, 1952;Zajonc, 1965;Tolman, 1968). A recent study showed that behavior suppressed by electric shock can also be socially facilitated (Hake and Laws, 1967).…”

Section: Anna State Hospitalmentioning

confidence: 99%

CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION AS A SENSITIVE BASELINE FOR SOCIAL FACILITATION¹

Hake¹,

Powell²,

Olsen

1969

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The key pecking of pigeons maintained on a variable-interval schedule of food reinforcement was suppressed during occasional presentations of a warning stimulus paired with electric shock. On alternate sessions, a co-actor pigeon was visible in an adjoining chamber where it emitted the same food-reinforced key peck during the warning stimulus that signalled shock for the subject. With no shock and at low shock intensities, where the subject's responding was not suppressed or suppressed only slightly, the co-actor had little effect. At the higher shock intensities, where the subject's responding was reduced by at least 40%, the response rate during the warning stimulus was consistently higher when the co-actor was present. One explanation of these results assumes a special relationship between social stimuli and aversive stimuli in which the presence of another animal reduces emotional reactions and thereby allows operant responses to increase. This was not the case here because the mere presence of the co-actor did not maintain social facilitation. Rather, the present results, taken in conjunction with previous findings, suggest that changes in social and non-social variables which affect the rate of food-reinforced responding may produce proportionately larger changes in responding when that responding is suppressed by aversive stimulation than when it is not.

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“…410-411). In practice, the term has been used to include increases in behavior that result from either the activity or the presence of the second individual (see reviews by Crawford, 1939;Smith and Ross, 1952;Zajonc, 1965). When facilitation occurs in the presence of a second non-behaving individual, it has been termed an "audience effect"; when the second individual is engaging in the same behavior, it has been termed a "co-action effect" (Zajonc, 1965).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

SOCIAL FACILITATION OF RESPONSES DURING A STIMULUS PAIRED WITH ELECTRIC SHOCK¹

Hake¹,

Laws²

1967

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Key-pecking responses of a pigeon were maintained by a variable-interval schedule of food reinforcement. The responses were suppressed during the occasional presentation of a warning stimulus paired with electric shock. The presence of a second pigeon emitting the same response for food reinforcement reduced the suppression that otherwise occurred during the warning stimulus when the second pigeon was absent. These results reveal that the social facilitation phenomenon can be used to restore behavior that is suppressed by a conditioned aversive stimulus.

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The social psychology of the vertebrates.

Cited by 61 publications

References 111 publications

Some Factors of Observational Learning in Cats

Some Factors of Observational Learning in Cats

CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION AS A SENSITIVE BASELINE FOR SOCIAL FACILITATION¹

SOCIAL FACILITATION OF RESPONSES DURING A STIMULUS PAIRED WITH ELECTRIC SHOCK¹

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The social psychology of the vertebrates.

Cited by 61 publications

References 111 publications

Some Factors of Observational Learning in Cats

Some Factors of Observational Learning in Cats

CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION AS A SENSITIVE BASELINE FOR SOCIAL FACILITATION1

SOCIAL FACILITATION OF RESPONSES DURING A STIMULUS PAIRED WITH ELECTRIC SHOCK1

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Product

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CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION AS A SENSITIVE BASELINE FOR SOCIAL FACILITATION¹

SOCIAL FACILITATION OF RESPONSES DURING A STIMULUS PAIRED WITH ELECTRIC SHOCK¹