The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review

Nicola, Maria; Alsafi, Zaid; Sohrabi, Catrin; Kerwan, Ahmed; Al-Jabir, Ahmed; Iosifidis, Christos; Agha, Maliha; Agha, Riaz

doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018

Cited by 5,669 publications

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“…As of August 6th, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has infected 18,956,836 people and killed over 710,053 worldwide (https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/). The pandemic has caused economic shutdown in many countries, fears of a global recession, restricted travel, closure of educational institutions, and mental distress on a global level [8][9][10]. With the drastic widespread and impact of SARS-CoV-2, many countries are still fighting against the first wave of the virus and fear the devastation of future waves [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the stability landscape of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain

Smaoui

Yahyaoui

2020

Preprint

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The interaction between the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and the ACE2 enzyme is believed to be the entry point of the virus into various cells in the body, including the lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys. The current focus of several therapeutic design efforts explore attempts at affecting the binding interaction between the two proteins to limit the activity of the virus and disease progression. In this work, we analyze the stability of the spike protein under all possible single-point mutations in the receptor-binding domain and computationally explore mutations that can affect the binding with the ACE2 enzyme. We unravel the mutation landscape of the receptor region and assess the toxicity potential of single and multi-point mutations, generating insights for future vaccine efforts on potential mutations that might further stabilize the spike protein and increase its infectivity. We developed a tool, called SpikeMutator, to construct full atomic protein structures of the mutant spike proteins and shared a database of 3,800 single-point mutant structures. We analyzed the recent 65,000 reported spike sequences across the globe and observed the emergence of stable multi-point mutant structures. Using the landscape, we searched through 7.5 million possible 2-point mutation combinations and report that the (R355D K424E) mutation produces one of the strongest spike proteins that therapeutic efforts should investigate for the sake of developing an effective vaccine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the stability landscape of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain

Smaoui

Yahyaoui

2020

Preprint

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“…The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had enormous socioeconomic impact 1 . In 5 months, 5.5 million COVID-19 cases have been confirmed, resulting in 350,000 deaths across 188 countries 2 .…”

Section: Mainmentioning

confidence: 99%

A targeted e-learning approach to reduce student mixing during a pandemic

Yeo

Lai

Tan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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11The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in widespread closure of schools and universities. These institutions 12 have turned to distance learning to provide educational continuity. Schools now face the challenge of how to 13 reopen safely and resume in-class learning. However, there is little empirical evidence to guide decision-14 makers on how this can be achieved. Here, we show that selectively deploying e-learning for larger classes is 15 highly effective at decreasing campus-wide opportunities for student-to-student contact, while allowing most 16 in-class learning to continue uninterrupted. We conducted a natural experiment at a large university that 17 implemented a series of e-learning interventions during the COVID-19 outbreak. Analyses of >24 million 18 student connections to the university Wi-Fi network revealed that population size can be manipulated by e-19 learning in a targeted manner according to class size characteristics. Student mixing showed accelerated growth 20 with population size according to a power law distribution. Therefore, a small e-learning dependent decrease in 21 population size resulted in a large reduction in student clustering behaviour. Our results show that e-learning 22 interventions can decrease potential for disease transmission while minimizing disruption to university 23 operations. Universities should consider targeted e-learning a viable strategy for providing educational 24 continuity during early or late stages of a disease outbreak. 25 26 Main 27The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had enormous socioeconomic impact 1 . In 5 months, 5.5 28 million COVID-19 cases have been confirmed, resulting in 350,000 deaths across 188 countries 2 . The severe 29 acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 is primarily spread when an 30 infected person sneezes or coughs 3 . The spread of infection can be slowed by public health measures that 31 reduce person-to-person contact. Nonpharmaceutical interventions that include restricted travel, staying at 32 home, and physical distancing can delay and flatten the peak of COVID-19 cases to avoid the overwhelming of 33 medical services 4-6 . Nonpharmaceutical interventions therefore play a critical role in controlling the spread of 34 disease until effective vaccines or drugs are available 7 . 35 School closure is a key strategy for controlling the spread of infectious diseases 7-9 . Empirical and 36 modelling studies show that closing schools and universities can suppress COVID-19 transmission when 37 combined with other nonpharmaceutical interventions 5,6,10 . The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an 38 unprecedented number of school and university closures, affecting over 1.2 billion learners worldwide 11 . 39Consequently, a massive shift from classroom learning to distance learning has occurred 12 . This has created 40 great strain on educational institutions which function not only as places of learning, but also as major 41 employers and drivers of local economies. It is therefore important to con...

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“…In view of the above motivation, the current study look at the performance of the pharmaceutical industries, especially those associated with the production of vitamins and other immune-related drugs in the framework of the United States' COVID-19 situation. Although Nicola et al (2020) and Mason-D'Croz et al (2020) have earlier suggested the likelihood of spillover effect of the COVID-19 pandemic to the socio-economic aspects, there is no study that specifically noted a pharmaceutical sector-specific effect from the nCOVID-19 pandemic. Hence, the novelty of the current study is that it offers a highlight of a few important contribution to the existing nCOVID-19 literature in a unique pattern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Health Scare of COVID-19: Implication of Pandemics and the immune-related pharmaceutical products spillovers in USA 

Alola

Olowu

2020

Preprint

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In view of the sector-wide effect of the nCOVID-19 pandemic in the United States and the probable effect on certain over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceutical products, the current study examined potential inflation in the pharmaceutical industry due to uncertainty in pandemics. In this case, the United States’ producer price indexes vis-à-vis inflation of the immune-related pharmaceutical items: multivitamin, vitamins nutrients and hematinic (V-N-H), other vitamins (other-V), antidepressant, and antidiabetic were examined alongside the uncertainties arising from the world pandemic and economic policy. Thus, the Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) result implied that the world pandemic uncertainty contributed a significantly huge shock to the entire elements such that the shocks to V-N-H and multivitamins are larger than the other examined pharmaceutical compounds. Importantly, the statistical evidence implied that uncertainty arising from pandemic is responsible for the severity of shock received by the indicated pharmaceutical products as against economic policy uncertainty. Thus, a relevant policy inference is posited from the result of the study.

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The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review

Cited by 5,669 publications

References 4 publications

Unraveling the stability landscape of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain

Unraveling the stability landscape of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain

A targeted e-learning approach to reduce student mixing during a pandemic

The Health Scare of COVID-19: Implication of Pandemics and the immune-related pharmaceutical products spillovers in USA

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The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review

Cited by 5,669 publications

References 4 publications

Unraveling the stability landscape of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain

Unraveling the stability landscape of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain

A targeted e-learning approach to reduce student mixing during a pandemic

The Health Scare of COVID-19: Implication of Pandemics and the immune-related pharmaceutical products spillovers in USA&nbsp;

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The Health Scare of COVID-19: Implication of Pandemics and the immune-related pharmaceutical products spillovers in USA