THE SOLUBILITIES OF LEAD PHOSPHATES<sup>1</sup>

Millet, Horace; Jowett, Maurice

doi:10.1021/ja01379a004

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This revelation set forth a research mission on corrosion control strategies to inhibit Pb release into drinking water. One of many corrosion control strategies was the use of orthophosphates due to the low solubility of Pb phosphate (Hatch, 1941;Jowett and Price, 1932;Millet and Jowett, 1929;Moore and Smith, 1942). Coating the interior wall of Pb drinking-water pipes with Pb phosphates, including pyromorphite, reduces the release of Pb to human consumption (Hopwood et al, 2002).…”

Section: Physical-chemical Interactions Between Phosphate Pb and Comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geochemical stability of pyromorphite has been extensively examined with pivotal research (Baker, 1964;Jowett and Price, 1932;Millet and Jowett, 1929;Nriagu, 1973a) suggesting a solubility product (K sp ) as low as 10 -84.4 ; however, a K sp = 10 -25.05 is more appropriate for soil pH range of 3 to 7 (Lindsay, 1979;Scheckel and Ryan, 2002). Drawing upon the technologies of corrosion control in drinking water, pure mineralogical lab studies on the formation of pyromorphite refined the theories of Smyth (1848) (Akao et al, 1989;Belokoneva et al, 1982;Cox and Majda, 1980;Dai and Hughes, 1989;Inegbenebor et al, 1989;Robert and Lefaucheux, 1989).…”

Section: Physical-chemical Interactions Between Phosphate Pb and Comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Benchtop-Scale Evidence for Formation of Pyromorphite in Soil Prior to the application of phosphate amendments to sequester Pb in soil, solution chemists examined the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of pyromorphite formation and stability (Akao et al, 1989;Baker, 1964;Dai and Hughes, 1989;Inegbenebor et al, 1989;Jowett and Price, 1932;Millet and Jowett, 1929;Nriagu, 1973aNriagu, , 1973b. Jowett and Price (1932) reported a detailed study on the solubilities of secondary Pb phosphate (PbHPO 4 ), tertiary Pb phosphate (Pb 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ), and pyromorphite (Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl) resulting in calculated solubilities (K sp ) of 10 -11.358 , 10 -43.53 , and 10 -79.115 , respectively.…”

Section: Physical-chemical Interactions Between Phosphate Pb and Comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies suggested the solubility product of chloropyromorphite is approximately 10 -84 (Jowett and Price, 1932;Millet and Jowett, 1929;Nriagu, 1973a) and others suggested lower values (Glace, 1938;Jowett and Price, 1932). The difference in values is due to the pH of the equilibrated system and is highly dependent on the pK a of the phosphate anion.…”

Section: Factors That Affect Formation and Sustainability Of Pyromorpmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Scheckel

Diamond

Burgess

et al. 2013

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

128

179

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Ingested soil and surface dust may be important contributors to elevated blood lead (Pb) levels in children exposed to Pb contaminated environments. Mitigation strategies have typically focused on excavation and removal of the contaminated soil. However, this is not always feasible for addressing widely disseminated contamination in populated areas often encountered in urban environments. The rationale for amending soils with phosphate is that phosphate will promote formation of highly insoluble Pb species (e.g., pyromorphite minerals) in soil, which will remain insoluble after ingestion and, therefore, inaccessible to absorption mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Amending soil with phosphate might potentially be used in combination with other methods that reduce contact with or migration of contaminated soils, such as covering the soil with a green cap such as sod, clean soil with mulch, raised garden beds, or gravel. These remediation strategies may be less expensive and far less disruptive than excavation and removal of soil. This review evaluates evidence for efficacy of phosphate amendments for decreasing soil Pb bioavailability. Evidence is reviewed for (1) physical and chemical interactions of Pb and phosphate that would be expected to influence bioavailability, (2) effects of phosphate amendments on soil Pb bioaccessibility (i.e., predicted solubility of Pb in the GIT), and (3) results of bioavailability bioassays of amended soils conducted in humans and animal models. Practical implementation issues, such as criteria and methods for evaluating efficacy, and potential effects of phosphate on mobility and bioavailability of co-contaminants in soil are also discussed.

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Section: Physical-chemical Interactions Between Phosphate Pb and Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physical-chemical Interactions Between Phosphate Pb and Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physical-chemical Interactions Between Phosphate Pb and Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors That Affect Formation and Sustainability Of Pyromorpmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Scheckel

Diamond

Burgess

et al. 2013

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

128

179

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“…(1) Pb3(PO4)2: Millet & Jowett (1929) studied the Pb-phosphate equilibrium, and concluded that (2) PbCO3: Maxwell & Bischoff (1929) examined the solubility of PbCO3 in solutions approximating to plasma under physiological conditions. They concluded that the Pb2+ concentration would be 1 x 10-1M at saturation.…”

Section: Solubility Of Pb Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive transport and binding of lead by human red blood cells.

Simons¹

1986

The Journal of Physiology

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The uptake of Pb into human red blood cells has been studied using Pb buffers. Passive Pb movements can be studied conveniently when the cells are depleted of adenosine 5'‐triphosphate (ATP), to eliminate active transport, and of inorganic phosphate, to prevent precipitation of lead phosphate. Pb can cross the membrane passively in either direction. Influx and efflux show similar properties. Passive Pb transport is strongly stimulated by HCO3‐, and is reduced by replacing Cl‐ with ClO4‐. It is inhibited by low concentrations of 4‐acetamido‐4'‐isothiocyanostilbene‐2,2'‐disulphonic acid (SITS) and 4,4'‐diisothiocyanostilbene‐2.2'‐disulphonic acid (DIDS), characteristic inhibitors of anion transport. Pb uptake is unaffected by varying the external concentrations of Na+, K+ and Ca2+. When Pb enters the cell, it binds mainly to haemoglobin. The ratio of bound Pb:free Pb2+ in the cytosol is estimated to be 6000:1. Pb binding to haemoglobin is unaffected by oxygenation. Binding to albumin is quantitatively similar to binding to haemoglobin. The implications of these results for the transport and binding of Pb in the blood are discussed.

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The Growth and Characterization of Hydrogen (Deuterium) — Bonded Ferroelectric Crystals of Schultenites PbHAsO₄, PbDAsO₄ PbHPO₄ and PbDPO₄

Březina

Havránková

1980

Cryst Res and Technol

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The Growth and Characterization of Hydrogen (Deuterium) -Bonded Ferroelectric Crystals of Schultenites PbHAs04, PbDAs04, PbHP04 and PbDPOa Single crystals of lead hydrogenarsenate, lead hydrogenphosphate and deuterated analogues have been grown from water solution, further, by means of various chemical reactions in water solutions and polyacrylamide hydrogel. The growth conditions, morphology of crystals, their imperfections and some physical properties have been studied.Einkristalle des Bleihydrogenarsenats, Bleihydrogenphosphats und ihrer deuterierten Analoga wurden in wiisserigen Losungen, mit Hilfe verschiedener chemischer Reaktionen in wiisserigen Losungen und in Polyacrylamid-Hydrogel geziichtet. Die Ziiohtungsbedingungen, die Morphologie der Kristalle, ihre Realstruktur und physikalischen Eigenschaften wurden untersucht.

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THE SOLUBILITIES OF LEAD PHOSPHATES¹

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Passive transport and binding of lead by human red blood cells.

The Growth and Characterization of Hydrogen (Deuterium) — Bonded Ferroelectric Crystals of Schultenites PbHAsO₄, PbDAsO₄ PbHPO₄ and PbDPO₄

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THE SOLUBILITIES OF LEAD PHOSPHATES1

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Passive transport and binding of lead by human red blood cells.

The Growth and Characterization of Hydrogen (Deuterium) — Bonded Ferroelectric Crystals of Schultenites PbHAsO4, PbDAsO4 PbHPO4 and PbDPO4

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THE SOLUBILITIES OF LEAD PHOSPHATES¹

The Growth and Characterization of Hydrogen (Deuterium) — Bonded Ferroelectric Crystals of Schultenites PbHAsO₄, PbDAsO₄ PbHPO₄ and PbDPO₄