The sounds of a helicopter on Mars

Lorenz, Ralph D.; Maurice, S.; Chide, Baptiste; Mimoun, David; Stott, Alexander; Murdoch, Naomi; Giller, Martin; Jacob, Xavier; Wiens, R. C.; Montmessin, Franck; Grip, Håvard Fjær; Tzanetos, Theodore; Balaram, Bob; Williams, Nathan; Keennon, Matt; Langberg, Sara A.; Tyler, Jeremy; Bertrand, Tanguy; Brown, Adrian; Randazzo, Nicolas; Pipenberg, Benjamin T.

doi:10.1016/j.pss.2023.105684

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…After showing the attenuation coefficient and the speed of sound for a wide range of frequencies in Section 3.2 we focus on a few frequencies, namely 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 Hz, in order to demonstrate the frequency dependence of certain effects. When it is not convenient to show too many frequencies, we focus on 100 Hz as it is representative of the sound produced by Ingenuity, the helicopter traveling along Perseverance rover (R. D. Lorenz et al., 2023), which produces sound at its blade passage frequency (84 Hz) and at its first harmonic (168 Hz). Similarly, after showing the attenuation coefficient and the speed of sound at every point of the Martian surface in Section 3.4 we have chosen to focus on a few locations and especially Perseverance site.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Measurements of speed of sound (Maurice et al, 2022) and attenuation coefficient (Chide et al, 2023) have been published at different frequencies using the helicopter and the LIBS instrument. The helicopter produces sound at its blade passage frequency, 84 Hz, and its first harmonic 168 Hz (R. D. Lorenz et al, 2023) whereas LIBS sounds ranges from 3 to 21 kHz (Chide et al, 2023). The helicopter flies at an altitude of 5-10 m above the ground, the microphone is 1.8 m from the ground and the LIBS experiment shockwaves are located on the ground.…”

Section: In Situ Experimental Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, several microphones have landed and operated on Mars, namely the Entry, Descent, and Landing and the SuperCam microphones on the NASA Perseverance rover (Maurice et al, 2022;Mimoun et al, 2023) and the Chinese National Space Administration Zhurong rover microphone (Zou et al, 2021). These microphones have already yielded results on the acoustic properties of the Martian atmosphere, either by listening to artificial sound sources such as the Ingenuity helicopter (R. D. Lorenz et al, 2023) and the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) experiment (Chide et al, 2022), or by recording the signals induced by the Martian environment such as the wind (Stott et al, 2023) and a dust devil (Murdoch et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geographical, Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Acoustic Attenuation, and Sound Speed in the Near‐Surface Martian Atmosphere

Gillier,

Petculescu,

Murdoch

et al. 2024

JGR Planets

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This work introduces a comprehensive model of sound attenuation and speed on Mars, in light of the recent operation of several microphones on the surface of Mars. The proposed acoustic model calculates the sound speed and attenuation throughout the near‐surface Martian atmosphere based on first‐principles. We evaluate the effects of the seasonal and diurnal cycle of air temperature, pressure and CO2, as well as the concentration of airborne dust on the sound attenuation. The attenuation and speed of sound are most sensitive to the air temperature and, therefore, they vary with the diurnal temperature cycle and to a lesser degree with the seasonal changes in temperature. The speed of sound also varies with the seasonal variations of the concentration of CO2. The main outcome of this work is an acoustic model capable of computing the sound speed and attenuation for any location at the Martian surface at any time of year and any time of day.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Situ Experimental Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geographical, Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Acoustic Attenuation, and Sound Speed in the Near‐Surface Martian Atmosphere

Gillier,

Petculescu,

Murdoch

et al. 2024

JGR Planets

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“…Since results will be discussed in terms of transmission loss or excess attenuation, the amplitude of the source can be fixed arbitrarily. In the following, the source level is of 100 dB at 10 cm from the point source, which can be understood as the approximate order of magnitude of a UAV rotor noise on Mars (Lorenz et al, 2023). The sound equation in the far field (r ≫ 1 0 , k 1 0 around 40 cm for a 100 Hz wave near the Martian surface) becomes the two-dimensional Helmholtz differential equation when the axisymmetric assumption is applied…”

Section: The Parabolic Equation (Pe) Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acoustic Propagation in the Near‐Surface Martian Atmosphere

Gillier,

Petculescu,

Stott

et al. 2024

JGR Planets

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This work introduces a comprehensive model of sound propagation on Mars, in light of the recent operation of several microphones on the Martian surface. The main outcome of this work is an operational acoustic model capable of simulating the sound field created by any source, at any location on the Martian surface, at any time. Expanding on the result of previous work (Gillier et al., 2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023je008257), we use the parabolic equation method for sound propagation in order to obtain the overall sound field produced by a source, in a given atmospheric composition and state, and accounting for ground properties. The resulting model enables the study of acoustics on Mars, and has the potential also to be used to probe the properties of the Martian environment using acoustic measurements with known sources. We investigate the effects of the Martian ground and the vertical profile of temperature and wind, on sound propagation. We find that the ground has a minor effect on sound propagation, and the wind profile strongly influences sound propagation as on Earth. However, the midday near surface temperature profiles on Mars are shown to cause refraction, which generates non‐negligible acoustic losses that are an order of magnitude stronger than typical refraction‐related acoustic losses on Earth. We show that the effect of the Martian atmospheric turbulence is to slightly reduce the acoustic losses due to refraction. Finally, we apply our model to show that refraction and atmospheric turbulence have a negligible effect on the propagation of sound from Ingenuity to the Perseverance rover.

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“…Given the harsh flight conditions on Mars, as well as the significant time delays in communication between Mars and Earth, coupled with the absence of GPS navigation, there exists an urgent imperative to address the technological challenges associated with the control of rotary-wing Mars UAVs and their compatibility with the Martian flight environment [96,97]. Furthermore, due to the spatial constraints of rotary-wing Mars UAVs, it is often necessary to employ control strategies specifically tailored to coaxial rotary-wing Mars UAVs.…”

Section: Research On Control Methods Of Rotary-wing Mars Uavsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Key Technologies of Rotary-Wing Mars UAVs for Mars Exploration

Zhao,

Li,

et al. 2023

Inventions

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The sparse atmosphere on the surface of Mars provides the necessary flight conditions for Mars unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to perform low-altitude flights. This work presents a comprehensive overview of key technologies in the development of Mars UAVs, with a specific focus on rotary-wing Mars UAVs. It summarizes prototypes of rotary-wing Mars UAVs developed by various global research institutions. It reviews essential technologies in rotary-wing Mars UAV research, including the Mars near-surface atmospheric environment, aerodynamic characteristics, and principles of low-pressure flight control. This work also summarizes various experimental setups and ground test results for rotary-wing Mars UAVs. Furthermore, it discusses the future development trends of rotary-wing Mars UAVs.

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The sounds of a helicopter on Mars

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Geographical, Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Acoustic Attenuation, and Sound Speed in the Near‐Surface Martian Atmosphere

Geographical, Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Acoustic Attenuation, and Sound Speed in the Near‐Surface Martian Atmosphere

Acoustic Propagation in the Near‐Surface Martian Atmosphere

Review of Key Technologies of Rotary-Wing Mars UAVs for Mars Exploration

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