The South Tibetan Detachment System, Himalayan Orogen: Extension Contemporaneous With and Parallel to Shortening in a Collisional Mountain Belt

Abstract

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Mechanisms for folding of high-grade rocks in extensional tectonic settings

“…Structures formed in low-to medium-grade rocks during the collapse of thrust-thickened orogens have been described by Dewey (1988), England and Houseman (1989), Mezger et al (1991), Burchfiel et al (1992), Gamond (1994) and Davis et al (1994). Alsop (1991) describes the collapse of a transpressional orogen.…”

“…Extensional structures formed both during and following regional contraction can coexist along the same cross section of an orogen (Jolivet and Goffé, 2000). For example, the local formation of normal shear zones striking parallel to thrusts has been described in the Himalayas by Burg et al (1984), Burchfiel and Royden (1985), England and Houseman (1989) and Burchfiel et al (1992). Normal shear zones may also develop striking perpendicular to the trend of an orogen during orogen-parallel extension in a regional convergent tectonic setting, such as in the Cycladic blueschist belt in the Aegean Sea (Avigad and Garfunkel, 1991), southern Apennines (Oldow et al, 1993), Alpine -Carpathian -Pannonian system (Decker and Peresson, 1996) and Québec Grenville Province ).…”

Crustal–lithospheric structure and continental extrusion of Tibet

“…Originally discovered by Burg et al (1984), the South Tibetan Detachment low-angle normal fault and associated ductile shear zone beneath is now known to occur along the entire length of the Greater Himalaya and form the geomorphological southern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau (e.g. Burchfiel et al 1992;Searle et al 1997aSearle et al , 2003Cottle et al 2007Cottle et al , 2009). The South Tibetan Detachment faults form the passive roof fault of the southward extruding Greater Himalayan Sequence partially molten mid-crust during the Early Miocene (c. 23-15 Ma).…”

Active tectonics in Eastern Lunana (NW Bhutan): Implications for the seismic and glacial hazard potential of the Bhutan Himalaya

“…In addition to these thrusting kinematics, two types of extensional structures significantly contributed to the tectonic evolution of the orogen. The first is the STDS [Burg and Chen, 1984;Burchfiel et al, 1992], a system of shallowly north dipping normal faults, which acted contemporaneously with the Main Central Thrust during the Miocene southward extrusion of the HHC. The second type comprises ESE-WNW directed extension of the Tibetan Plateau and resulted in both normal faulting (N-S trending rift systems) and NW-SE and NE-SW oriented conjugate strike-slip faulting (Figure 1) [Armijo et al, 1986[Armijo et al, , 1989Fielding et al, 1994;Cogan et al, 1998].…”