The Spacing of West African Amelonado Cocoa in Ghana

Smith, R. W.

doi:10.1080/00221589.1960.11513982

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…36, where it appears that the wide spacings have the most black pods, a trend which is significant at the 5 yo level. This is, however, entirely due to the fact that at the wider spacing the total numbers of pods per tree are greater than at closer spacings (Kowal, 1959; Smith, 1960). The effect of adjustment of numbers of black pods per IOO trees for total pods is to remove this trend and almost to substitute one in the opposite direction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the chemical control of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. on Theobroma cacao L. in Nigeria

Hislop¹,

Park²

1962

Annals of Applied Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

S U M M A R YI n laboratory trials, phenyl mercury nitrate at 0-02 p.p.m. and fentin acetate at 0.2 p.p.m. severely retarded growth of four isolates of Phytophthorapalmivora on cassava agar. These two chemicals, with captan, maneb and a dithiocarbamate-copper chelate, were also highly toxic to encysted zoospores of a 'rubber' group isolate of P. palmivora.Deposits of captan on pods were readily removed by artificial rain, but some improvement in tenacity was obtained by the addition of a sticker. I n other laboratory trials, the deposit from low-volume sprays of cuprous oxide dried more quickly on pods than that from high-volume sprays but showed no advantage in subsequent resistance to weathering.I n a field trial in 1961, seven fungicide treatments were applied three-weekly and compared with an unsprayed control. T h e lowest percentage black-pod infection followed treatment with fentin acetate : Bordeaux mixture and carbide Bordeaux both gave good control. The captan treatments were completely ineffective. More black pods were harvested from close-spaced trees than from those wide-spaced.Weekly applications of 0-15 yo fentin acetate to seedlings induced no significant damage. I n a field trial made in 1962 very heavy rainfall provided a severe test of the fungicides, the most effective being Bordeaux mixture and carbide Bordeaux mixture applied three-weekly, carbide Bordeaux mixture applied four-weekly and fentin acetate applied two-weekly. Captan with added sticker was again no better than the control. There was no marked effect of spacing.Comparisons of Bordeaux and carbide Bordeaux mixtures made at two other sites in 1962 showed no difference in disease control. It is suggested that carbide Bordeaux mixture could be replaced by the cheaper preparation made with lime.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the chemical control of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. on Theobroma cacao L. in Nigeria

Hislop¹,

Park²

1962

Annals of Applied Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Remarkably few studies have explored the relationship between cocoa yield and planting density. The scarce experimental evidence indicates that cocoa yield per hectare increases with planting density (Armstrong 1976;Charles 1961;Dias et al 2000;Pacheco et al 2003;Kowal 1959;Smith 2015;Spaggiari Souza et al 2009;Mooleedhar and Lauckner 1990). Lockwood and Yin (1996) found no differences in yields in the density range evaluated.…”

Section: How Does Yield Per Hectare Change With Density?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Trinidad, Mooleedhar and Lauckner (1990) observed increasing yield per hectare when cocoa density in young cocoa orchards increased from 748 to 2990 cocoa trees ha −1 . An experiment in Ghana testing yields in orchards planted at densities between 474 and 6726 trees ha −1 showed that the optimal density for yield performance per hectare was 1977 trees (Alvim 1964;Smith 2015). At densities above 4448 trees ha −1 , competition suppressed many trees and depressed fruit production in residual trees (Wood 1964).…”

Section: How Does Yield Per Hectare Change With Density?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and Distantiella theobroma Dist.) (Charles 1961;Smith 2015). Climate change is now prompting farmers to plant drought-resistant cocoa at higher planting densities to compensate for higher plant mortality rates due to excessive heat and drought (Asante et al 2017).…”

Section: Plantation and Farmer Cocoa Production Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fully stocked cocoa orchards (using the representative cocoa population densities of either the Plantation or the Farmer Model), the elimination (as a result of prescribed thinning or natural mortality) of a number of trees (i.e. a decrease in density) may not result in a decrease in yield per hectare because the canopy space freed up by the cocoa trees removed is rapidly exploited by residual, neighbouring cocoa trees, which attain higher per plant yields that compensates for the yield loss from removed/dead trees (Bastide et al 2008;Smith 2015;Vernon 1971). This compensatory pattern is maintained until the crowns of the residual trees can no longer utilise the space freed up by reductions in density, yield per plant stagnates and no longer compensates the yield loss due to removed trees.…”

Section: Yield Plasticity Minimal Critical Density and The 'Evolving Cocoa Planting Density' Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Rehabilitation and renovation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforestry systems. A review

Somarriba

Peguero

Cerda

et al. 2021

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cocoa farmers must decide on whether to rehabilitate (Rh) or to renovate (Re) a cocoa orchard when its productivity declines due to ageing, disease outbreaks or other causes. Deciding on Rh/Re is often a complex, expensive and conflictive process.In this review, we (1) explore the diversity of contexts, driving forces, stakeholders and recommended management practices involved in Rh/Re initiatives in key cocoa-producing countries; (2) summarise the often conflicting views of farmers and extension agents on Rh/Re programmes; (3) review the evidence of age-related changes in planting density and yield of cocoa, given the weight of these variables in Rh/Re decision processes; (4) describe the best known Rh/Re systems and their most common management practices; (5) propose an agroforestry Re approach that overcomes the limitation of current Rh/Re diagnosis protocols, which do not consider the regular flow of food crop and tree products, and the need to restore site soil quality to sustain another cycle of cultivation of cocoa at the same site; and (6) explore the effects of climate change considerations on Rh/Re decision-making and implementation processes.Each Rh/Re decision-making process is unique and highly context-dependent (household and farm, soil, climate, culture). Tailored solutions are needed for each farmer and context. The analysis, concepts and models presented for cocoa in this paper may also apply to coffee orchards.

show abstract

Yield and Response to Fungicide and Fertilizer of Peasant-Grown Arabica Coffee on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Robinson¹

1967

East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Spacing of West African Amelonado Cocoa in Ghana

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

Studies on the chemical control of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. on Theobroma cacao L. in Nigeria

Studies on the chemical control of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. on Theobroma cacao L. in Nigeria

Rehabilitation and renovation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforestry systems. A review

Yield and Response to Fungicide and Fertilizer of Peasant-Grown Arabica Coffee on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About