The Spatial Correlation between the Spread of COVID-19 and Vulnerable Urban Areas in Santiago de Chile

Vergara‐Perucich, Francisco; Correa, Juan Alberto Aragón; Núñez, Carlos Andrés Aguirre

doi:10.13060/23362839.2020.7.2.512

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“… Poisson regression has been applied for COVID‐19 in socioeconomic studies with health services infrastructure, especially in urban contexts (Ballesteros, Salazar, Sánchez, & Bolaños, 2021 ; DiMaggio, Klein, Berry, & Frangos, 2020 ; Saez et al., 2020 ; Yip, Huang, & Liang, 2020 ). Pearson correlation has been used with all kinds of variables, but especially with socioeconomic data, for spatiotemporal analysis, risk maps, health accessibility, and environmental repercussions due to the pandemic (Chatterjee et al., 2020 ; Li, Wang, Huang, & Lu, 2020 ; Marquès, Rovira, Nadal, & Domingo, 2020 ; Meraj et al., 2021 ; Tello‐Leal & Macías‐Hernández, 2020 ; Vergara‐Perucich, Correa‐Parra, & Aguirre‐Nuñez, 2020 ). Spearman and Kendall tests have been used with confirmed cases of COVID‐19 and socioeconomic variables, as well as with climate and air quality, to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the pandemic, mainly in urban contexts (Kuzmenko, Vasylieva, Vojtovič, Chygryn, & Snieška, 2020 ; Nakada & Urban, 2020 ; Pani, Lin, & RavindraBabu, 2020 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pearson correlation has been used with all kinds of variables, but especially with socioeconomic data, for spatiotemporal analysis, risk maps, health accessibility, and environmental repercussions due to the pandemic (Chatterjee et al., 2020 ; Li, Wang, Huang, & Lu, 2020 ; Marquès, Rovira, Nadal, & Domingo, 2020 ; Meraj et al., 2021 ; Tello‐Leal & Macías‐Hernández, 2020 ; Vergara‐Perucich, Correa‐Parra, & Aguirre‐Nuñez, 2020 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chatterjee et al, 2020;Marquès, Rovira, Nadal, & Domingo, 2020;Meraj et al, 2021;Tello-Leal & Macías-Hernández, 2020;Vergara-Perucich, Correa-Parra, & Aguirre-Nuñez, 2020). Spearman and Kendall tests have been used with confirmed cases of COVID-19 and socioeconomic variables, as well as with climate and air quality, to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the pandemic, mainly in urban contexts(Kuzmenko, Vasylieva, Vojtovič, Chygryn, & Snieška, 2020;Nakada & Urban, 2020;Pani, Lin, & RavindraBabu, 2020).…”

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A review of GIS methodologies to analyze the dynamics of COVID‐19 in the second half of 2020

Franch-Pardo

Desjardins

Barea-Navarro

et al. 2021

Transactions in GIS

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COVID‐19 has infected over 163 million people and has resulted in over 3.9 million deaths. Regarding the tools and strategies to research the ongoing pandemic, spatial analysis has been increasingly utilized to study the impacts of COVID‐19. This article provides a review of 221 scientific articles that used spatial science to study the pandemic published from June 2020 to December 2020. The main objectives are: to identify the tools and techniques used by the authors; to review the subjects addressed and their disciplines; and to classify the studies based on their applications. This contribution will facilitate comparisons with the body of work published during the first half of 2020, revealing the evolution of the COVID‐19 phenomenon through the lens of spatial analysis. Our results show that there was an increase in the use of both spatial statistical tools (e.g., geographically weighted regression, Bayesian models, spatial regression) applied to socioeconomic variables and analysis at finer spatial and temporal scales. We found an increase in remote sensing approaches, which are now widely applied in studies around the world. Lockdowns and associated changes in human mobility have been extensively examined using spatiotemporal techniques. Another dominant topic studied has been the relationship between pollution and COVID‐19 dynamics, which enhance the impact of human activities on the pandemic's evolution. This represents a shift from the first half of 2020, when the research focused on climatic and weather factors. Overall, we have seen a vast increase in spatial tools and techniques to study COVID‐19 transmission and the associated risk factors.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of GIS methodologies to analyze the dynamics of COVID‐19 in the second half of 2020

Franch-Pardo

Desjardins

Barea-Navarro

et al. 2021

Transactions in GIS

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“…Esta vulnerabilidad resulta de la exclusión de los bienes de la ciudad dependiendo de la capacidad de pago y deuda de sus habitantes, generando, además, aglomeración y concentración espacial. A nivel nacional, el estudio de Vergara-Perucich, Correa-Parra, et al (2020) estableció que el precio de la vivienda era la variable que mejor explicaba la propagación de COVID-19 en el área metropolitana de Santiago de Chile, mientras que Bilal et al (2021) muestra un empeoramiento en las inequidades preexistentes asociadas la mortalidad de la población durante la pandemia, para la misma unidad territorial. Al mismo tiempo, en la literatura internacional de los últimos seis meses es posible observar la relación entre el contagio por COVID-19 y diferentes condiciones urbanas y socioeconómicas, también desde una perspectiva caracterizada fuertemente por la desigualdad.…”

Section: 1unclassified

COVID-19 y ciudad: hacia un modelo integrado de vivienda, microbiología, ambiente y urbanismo

Encinas¹,

Soto-Liebe²,

Núñez³

et al. 2021

ACE: Architecture, City and Environment

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A partir de mayo de 2020, la crisis sanitaria global causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 traslada su epicentro hacia Latinoamérica, con foco en ciudades que presentan altos índices de pobreza, segregación y hacinamiento. Los avances en microbiología posibilitan comprender en profundidad las relaciones entre ciudad, COVID-19 y otros microorganismos, pero falta establecer un marco conceptual que las articule, especialmente en contextos donde las determinantes sociales son tan relevantes. Este artículo tiene como objetivo el proponer una aproximación integrada de microbiología, vivienda, ambiente y urbanismo, a partir de un modelo de interacciones y un análisis empírico para Santiago de Chile. En base a esto, se pudo analizar cómo el proceso de propagación en la ciudad se ve potenciada por vulnerabilidades de índole socio espacial, sanitaria intradomiciliaria y urbana, más una aproximación desde el concepto de pobreza energética. Al mismo tiempo, se pudo comprobar como las variables asociadas a estas vulnerabilidades permitían explicar la tasa de incidencia de casos confirmados por cada 100 000 habitantes a través de las distintas comunas en el área metropolitana de Santiago de Chile. Dentro de éstas, destacan el nivel de hacinamiento de las viviendas, la cantidad de hogares con jefes/as de hogar en trabajo precario y los viajes hacia el distrito central de negocios de la ciudad. Finalmente, se establece la necesidad de proponer una agenda de investigación para este nuevo equipo multidisciplinario de “Microbioma Urbano” en relación con la necesidad de realización de muestreos microbiológicos que permitan mejorar las condiciones de viviendas, barrios y ciudades, aportando en la superación de las vulnerabilidades identificadas en este estudio. A partir de maig de 2020, la crisi sanitària global causada pel virus SARS-CoV-2 trasllada el seu epicentre cap a Llatinoamèrica, amb focus en ciutats que presenten alts índexs de pobresa, segregació i amuntegament. Els avenços en microbiologia permeten entendre en profunditat les relacions entre ciutat, COVID-19 i altres microorganismes, però cal establir un marc conceptual que les articuli, especialment en contextos on les determinants socials són tan rellevants. Aquest article té com a objectiu el proposar una aproximació integrada de microbiologia, habitatge, ambient i urbanisme, a partir d'un model d'interaccions i una anàlisi empírica per a Santiago de Xile. En base a això, es va poder analitzar com el procés de propagació a la ciutat es veu potenciada per vulnerabilitats d'índole soci espacial, sanitària intra-domiciliaria i urbana, més una aproximació des del concepte de pobresa energètica. Al mateix temps, es va poder comprovar com les variables associades a aquestes vulnerabilitats permetien explicar la taxa d'incidència de casos confirmats per cada 100 000 habitants a través de les diferents comunes a l'àrea metropolitana de Santiago de Xile. Dins d'aquestes, destaquen el nivell d'amuntegament dels habitatges, la quantitat de llars amb caps de la llar en treball precari i els viatges cap al districte central de negocis de la ciutat. Finalment, s'estableix la necessitat de proposar una agenda de recerca per a aquest nou equip multidisciplinari de "Microbioma Urbà" en relació amb la necessitat de realització de mostrejos microbiològiques que permetin millorar les condicions d'habitatges, barris i ciutats, aportant en la superació de les vulnerabilitats identificades en aquest estudi. As of May 2020, the global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus moves its epicentre to Latin America, with cities showing high rates of poverty, segregation, and overcrowding. Current advances in microbiology make it possible to understand in depth the relationships between cities, COVID-19, and other microorganisms, but a conceptual framework to articulate them is lacking, especially in contexts where social determinants are so relevant. This article proposes an integrated approach to microbiology, housing, environment, and urbanism, based on a model of interactions and an empirical analysis applied to Santiago de Chile. It was possible to analyse how the propagation of COVID-19 in the city is enhanced by vulnerabilities of socio-spatial, residential and urban health, including an approach from the concept of energy poverty. At the same time, it was possible to verify how the variables associated with these vulnerabilities allowed to explain the incidence rate per 100 000 inhabitants through the different communes of Santiago de Chile. Among these, the level of housing overcrowding, the number of households with heads of household in precarious employment, and travel to the central business district stand out. Finally, the need for microbiological sampling to improve housing conditions, neighbourhoods, and cities propose a new research agenda for this Urban Microbiome" multidisciplinary team, contributing to overcoming the vulnerabilities identified in this research.

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“…The process has several detrimental effects on the quality of life of inhabitants, mostly associated with precarious and often extremely risky adaptations to homes ( 55 ). Healthcare and sanitary risks are high, and the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the situation due to the challenges of maintaining physical and social distance ( 56 ). This has a direct impact on elderly people who find themselves in disrupted environments and new undefined social relations of co-dependency—conditions that also tend to increase instances of domestic violence ( 57 ).…”

Section: Barriers To Dfc In Relation To the Chilean Housing Crisismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Social Housing Crisis and the Barriers to Developing Dementia-Friendly Communities in Chile

Jiménez

Cancino-Contreras²

2021

Front. Public Health

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Interaction with living place and neighbourhood is one of the cornerstones for creating dementia-friendly communities (DFC). Chile has one of the largest proportions of older adults in Latin America and is currently facing an increase in the number of people with dementia. In this context, the Chilean government has launched a national strategy that involves actions in the health and social care system, including the promotion of DFC. From a multisectoral approach, social and environmental aspects involving engagement with local communities and access to social connections and services are directly related to urban policies. This perspective article focuses on urban aspects of social housing policy, such as placement, networks, affordability and the relationship between subsidy structure and adequate housing provision in a country with a qualitative housing deficit of around 1,200,000 units and where a large proportion of people with dementia and their families live in poverty. We identified several barriers to delivering appropriate environments for people living with dementia in relation to a two-fold problem: (a) the social housing subsidy displaces caregivers and/or older adults to satellite towns where social connections and access to services and urban equipment are lost; and (b) people resisting displacement live in overcrowded neighbourhoods where dementia is a common problem. In both scenarios, a detrimental environment and social conditions directly affect the quality of life of elderly people living with dementia and their caregivers.

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The Spatial Correlation between the Spread of COVID-19 and Vulnerable Urban Areas in Santiago de Chile

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

A review of GIS methodologies to analyze the dynamics of COVID‐19 in the second half of 2020

A review of GIS methodologies to analyze the dynamics of COVID‐19 in the second half of 2020

COVID-19 y ciudad: hacia un modelo integrado de vivienda, microbiología, ambiente y urbanismo

The Social Housing Crisis and the Barriers to Developing Dementia-Friendly Communities in Chile

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