The spatial heterogeneity of structures in high porosity sandstones: Variations and granularity effects in orientation data

Basement-influenced rifting and basin development: a reappraisal of post-Caledonian faulting patterns from the North Coast Transfer Zone, Scotland

“…5) with mutually cross-cutting relationships suggesting that all sets are broadly contemporaneous. Such patterns are increasing recognized and likely indicate that the fault systems have accommodated 3D, nonplane strains (Reches 1983;Nieto-Samaniego & Alaniz-Alvarez 1995;Healy et al 2006;Guo et al 2009). Significantly, similar faulting patterns have been observed in other areas of NW Scotland during both Proterozoic and Mesozoic rifting episodes (Healy et al 2006).…”

Evolution of small-scale flow barriers in German Rotliegend siliciclastics

“…where TM is the transmissibility multiplier, t def is the cumulative thickness of deformation bands in the calculated interval [m], L is the length of the cal culated interval [m], k host is the apparent host rock permeability [m 2 ] and k def is the the apparent defor mation band permeability [m 2 ]. For all calculations and assessments of deformation band occurrence around faults, a damage zone width of 20 m has been assumed (Guo et al 2009). This width was also adapted to assess transmissibility multipliers of deformation bands in a damage zone.…”

“…The geometry, evolution and different scaling relationships of deformation bands have been stud ied in many outcrops (e.g. Antonellini & Aydin 1994;Fisher & Knipe 2001;Ogilvie & Glover 2001;Schultz & Fossen 2002;Davatzes & Aydin 2003;Eichhubl et al 2004;Olsson et al 2004;Parry et al 2004;Eichhubl & Flodin 2005;Sternlof 2006; Ahmadov et al 2007;Rotevatn et al 2007;Johansen & Fossen 2008;Schultz et al 2008;Guo et al 2009;Kolyukhin et al 2009;Fossen 2010;Fossen et al 2011;Ballas et al 2012;Chemenda et al 2012;Exner et al 2013;Nicol et al 2013;Schueller et al 2013;Schultz et al 2013;Soliva et al 2013;Awdal et al 2014;Torabi 2014). While deformation bands often strike parallel to extension faults, local stress per turbations around faults, fault splays and in relay ramps may result in multiple sets of deformation bands (e.g.…”

3D geostatistical modeling of fracture system in a granitic massif to characterize hydraulic properties and fracture distribution

“…Various methods of simulating fracture distributions and networks have been proposed during the last three decades, the orientations of fractures are generally presented: as random or directly related to fracture sets (Long et al, 1985;Andersson et al, 1984;Andersson and Thunvik, 1986;Chilès, 1988;Billaux et al, 1989;Cacas et al, 1990;Jafari and Babadagli, 2012), by assuming probabilistic functions such as those of Fisher (Min et al, 2004;Xu and Dowd, 2010), or by a stochastic realization within a tolerance angle for each dominant fracture set (Dowd et al, 2007;Rafiee and Vinches, 2008). A realistic simulation requires the conditioning of the orientation data for observed fractures, in addition to the position and length, because spatial correlation of the orientation has been shown to exist (i.e., similar orientations tend to appear at nearby fractures) by La Pointe (1980) and Guo et al (2009). Following Koike et al (2012), we apply a method, GEOFRAC (the GEOstatistical FRACture simulation method) that has merit in its extension to 3D modeling and suitable assignments of fracture density and orientations.…”