In the face of uncertain development scenarios, there is an urgent need for exploratory research on the resilience of urban tourism economies. This study uses Hainan island as a case study to explore the level of urban tourism economic resilience, the barriers, and its governance model from 2000 to 2020. The results show that: (1) Hainan island's urban tourism economic resilience shows cyclical dynamic evolution characteristics, with Sanya and Haikou as the extremely high points; their long-term tourism economic resilience values are 8.31 and 7.63, respectively, forming a northeast-southwest trending resilience pattern; and the evaluation index system and measurement model results are basically consistent; (2) The Gini coefficient of Hainan island's urban tourism economic resilience basically remains within the range of 0.35–0.40, with the "Hai-Cheng-Wen integrated economic circle" in the north being the area with the most significant differences between groups and Sanya city, Lingshui county, and Ledong county in the south being the areas with the most significant differences within groups; (3) As the coordination role is constrained by the high resilience, Sanya city and Haikou city become the cities with the lowest equilibrium entropy value; (4) The factor linkage model, the structural adaptability model, and the function matching model are proposed from the factor, structure, and function dimensions in order to provide a theoretical basis for strengthening the resilience of the tourism economy of Hainan island.