The specific enthalpy of air as an indicator of heat stress in livestock animals

Júnior, Sérgio Luis de Castro; Silva, Iran José Oliveira da

doi:10.1007/s00484-020-02022-8

Cited by 23 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Average temperature and relative humidity were used to calculate specific enthalpy (

based on the following psychrometric parameters: saturated vapour pressure (

), vapour pressure (

), total ambient pressure (

and mixing ratio (

. Specific enthalpy represents the total heat of a mass air (latent heat energy of the water vapour + specific heat of the dry air) and consequently the amount of energy required to change the psychrometric conditions of the air ( de Castro Júnior and Silva, 2021 ; Spena et al, 2020a , 2020b ).The empirical equations of these parameters are presented below: Saturated vapour pressure ( Alduchov and Eskridge, 1996 ):

where

is the saturated vapour pressure in hPa and T is the average temperature in °C. Vapour pressure ( Lawrence, 2005 ):

where

is the vapour pressure in hPa and RH is the relative humidity (%).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct weather conditions and human mobility impacts on the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Colombia: Application of an artificial neural network approach

Herrera

Gontijo

Enríquez-Delgado

et al. 2021

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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“…Average temperature and relative humidity were used to calculate specific enthalpy (

based on the following psychrometric parameters: saturated vapour pressure (

), vapour pressure (

), total ambient pressure (

and mixing ratio (

where

is the saturated vapour pressure in hPa and T is the average temperature in °C. Vapour pressure ( Lawrence, 2005 ):

where

is the vapour pressure in hPa and RH is the relative humidity (%).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct weather conditions and human mobility impacts on the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Colombia: Application of an artificial neural network approach

Herrera

Gontijo

Enríquez-Delgado

et al. 2021

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…(2019), Bjerg et al. (2020), and de Castro Júnior and Silva (2021), not only the ambient temperature, but also other environmental conditions influence heat load placed on animals. Examples of these are: relative humidity (RH), thermal radiation, solar radiation including long‐ and short‐wave radiation, temperature of surrounding surfaces, the heat and moisture generated by the animals, the heat loss from the vehicle, vertical space, placement of compartment partitions along the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, the vehicle type, the type of ventilation shutters, wind speed, the opportunity for pigs to moisten their skin and many more.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The identification of the upper threshold of the TCZ is less certain than identification of the UCT, as it is challenging to identify a point where a response starts, as compared to the identification of a significant increase (or decrease) in a response. The current work has been based on the available scientific literature, and especially knowledge presented in two reviews of scientific literature focusing on heat stress in pigs (Bjerg et al., 2020; de Castro Júnior and Silva, 2021). The conclusions are given for the three main pig categories relevant for transport: weaners < 50 kg, finishers, and sows and boars.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Welfare of pigs during transport

Nielsen¹,

Álvarez²,

Bicout³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of the animal welfare legislation. The present Opinion deals with protection of pigs during transport. The welfare of pigs during transport by road is the main focus, but other means of transport are also covered. Current practices related to transport of pigs during the different stages (preparation, loading/unloading, transit and journey breaks) are described. Overall, 10 welfare consequences were identified as highly relevant for the welfare of pigs during transport based on the severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: group stress, handling stress, heat stress, injuries, motion stress, prolonged hunger, prolonged thirst, restriction of movement, resting problems and sensory overstimulation. These welfare consequences and their animal-based measures are described. A variety of hazards were identified, mainly relating to factors such as mixing of unfamiliar pigs, inappropriate handling methods and devices, the use of pick-up pens, inexperienced/untrained handlers, structural deficiencies of vehicles and facilities, poor driving conditions, unfavourable microclimatic and environmental conditions and poor husbandry practices leading to these welfare consequences. The Opinion contains general and specific conclusions relating to the different stages of transport of pigs. Recommendations to prevent hazards and to correct or mitigate welfare consequences are made. Recommendations were also developed to define quantitative thresholds for microclimatic conditions and minimum space allowance within means of transport. The development of the welfare consequences over time was assessed in relation to maximum journey duration. The Opinion covers specific animal transport scenarios identified by the European Commission relating to transport of cull sows and 'special health status animals', and lists welfare concerns associated with these.

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“…Enthalpy is the heat energy of the air surrounding an animal, and dictates the degree of heat loss to the microclimate. Physically, the specific enthalpy of air (h) is defined as the total amount of energy existent in a unit of dry air mass (kJ/kg of dry air) and can be calculated using simple tools such as thermometer and hygrometer, and mathematical models, as recently reviewed by de Castro Júnior and Silva (2021)). In the future, time derivatives of temperature or enthalpy could be used as non‐invasive welfare indicators during animal transport and appear to be more sensitive than values of temperature or RH.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Welfare of cattle during transport

Nielsen¹,

Álvarez²,

Bicout³

et al. 2022

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of the animal welfare legislation. The present Opinion deals with protection of cattle (including calves) during transport. Welfare of cattle during transport by road is the main focus, but other means of transport are also covered. Current practices related to transport of cattle during the different stages (preparation, loading/unloading, transit and journey breaks) are described. Overall, 11 welfare consequences were identified as being highly relevant for the welfare of cattle during transport based on severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: group stress, handling stress, heat stress, injuries, motion stress, prolonged hunger, prolonged thirst, respiratory disorders, restriction of movement, resting problems and sensory overstimulation. These welfare consequences and their animal-based measures are described. A variety of hazards, mainly relating to inexperienced/untrained handlers, inappropriate handling, structural deficiencies of vehicles and facilities, poor driving conditions, unfavourable microclimatic and environmental conditions, and poor husbandry practices leading to these welfare consequences were identified. The Opinion contains general and specific conclusions relating to the different stages of transport for cattle. Recommendations to prevent hazards and to correct or mitigate welfare consequences have been developed. Recommendations were also developed to define quantitative thresholds for microclimatic conditions within the means of transport and spatial thresholds (minimum space allowance). The development of welfare consequences over time was assessed in relation to maximum journey duration. The Opinion covers specific animal transport scenarios identified by the European Commission relating to transport of unweaned calves, cull cows, the export of cattle by livestock vessels, the export of cattle by road, rollon-roll-off ferries and 'special health status animals', and lists welfare concerns associated with these.

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The specific enthalpy of air as an indicator of heat stress in livestock animals

Cited by 23 publications

References 94 publications

Distinct weather conditions and human mobility impacts on the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Colombia: Application of an artificial neural network approach

Distinct weather conditions and human mobility impacts on the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Colombia: Application of an artificial neural network approach

Welfare of pigs during transport

Welfare of cattle during transport

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