The Spectra of the Heavy Elements

Protactinium

“…There are a few thousand lines in the range 2650-25 000 Å , and many of them have hyperfine structure. Tomkins and Fred (1949) observed 263 lines in the range 2640.3-4371.4 Å ; the most sensitive and definite lines are at 3957.8, 3054.6, and 3053 Å . The sensitivity of protactinium determination is 0.2 mg Pa by use of these lines with the copper spark method.…”

“…The emission spectrum of Pa was first recorded by Schü ler and Gollnow (1934), who reported a large number of lines in the visible region, many of which showed hyperfine splitting patterns, indicating a nuclear spin of 3/2 for 231 Pa. Tomkins and Fred (1949) listed 263 lines in the ultraviolet region sensitive to copper spark excitation. The emission spectrum excited by a microwave discharge tube was measured by co-workers (1963, 1968), who recorded some 14 000 lines between 3 mm and 400 nm, about half of which were fitted into a level scheme of about 200 even and 300 odd levels.…”

Americium

“…Note, however, that the solution chemistries of these two elements show substantial differences, with the major ones being the difficulties in preparing Am(II) and the absence of Eu(IV), Eu(V), and Eu(VI). Electronic configurations of gaseous americium species as determined from spectroscopic and atomic-beam experiments showed a 5f 7 7s 2 ground state for Am(g) and (5f 7 ) 2þ state for Am 2þ (Tomkins and Fred, 1949).…”

Coincidence laser spectroscopy (CLS) for the detection of ions in ICP-MS (ICP-MS-CLS). A feasibility study

“…The isotopes selected here (with some common interferences) are: 10 Be + ( 10 B + / 11 B + ), 55 Fe + ( 55 Mn + / 56 Fe + ), 63 Ni + ( 63 Cu + / 64 Zn + ), 90 Sr + ( 90 Zr + ), 99 Tc + ( 98 Mo + / 99 Ru + ), 147 Pm + ( 147 Sm + ), 238 U + , 238 Pu + ( 238 U + ) and 241 Am + ( 241 Pu + ) which are representative of those that pose problems for conventional MS techniques. The spectroscopies of these isotopes were obtained from various literature sources, [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] and from application of the COWAN, [40][41][42]44 and GraspVU 45 computer codes.…”