The Spectral Location of Psychologically Unique Yellow, Green, and Blue

Dimmick, Forrest L.; Hubbard, Margaret R.

doi:10.2307/1416110

Cited by 64 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Our second hypothesis was that the subjects putatively expressing more than three photopigmentswould not differ significantly from the "normal" trichromat subjects regarding the placement of best-exemplar locations for red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, and purple appearances in the diffracted spectrum. Thus, we expected that our heterozygous females would locate the above-mentioned appearances in spectral locations similar to the locations given by the trichromat females and males and that said locations would agree with existing data on the location of unitary hue experiences in the spectrum (Boynton et al, 1964;Dimmick & Hubbard, 1939;Purdy, 1931;Westphal, 1910, cited in Boring, 1942. Figure 4 presents the data for the heterozygous females and the trichromat females regarding the placement of best-exemplar appearances for the tested hue categories (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, and purple).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Regarding a subject's placement of best-exemplar locations in the spectrum, we made the conservative prediction that the data would be comparable to the spectral locations of unitary hues investigated in previous studies (Boynton et al, 1964;Dimmick & Hubbard, 1939;Purdy, 1931;Westphal, 1910, cited in Boring, 1942. The rationale for this was the following: First, because unitary-hue (or best-exemplar) locations in anomalous trichromats and "normal" trichromats were previously found to be similar for the percepts of blue, green, and yellow, we expected our subjects' data to display a similar agreement.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes

Jameson

Highnote

Wasserman

2001

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

143

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Traditional color vision theory posits that three types of retinal photopigments transduce light into a trivariate neural color code, thereby explaining color-matching behaviors. This principle of trichromacy is in need of reexamination in view of molecular genetics results suggesting that a substantial percentage of women possess more than three classes of retinal photopigments. At issue is the question of whether four-photopigment retinas necessarily yield trichromatic color perception. In the present paper, we review results and theory underlying the accepted photoreceptor-based model of trichromacy. A review of the psychological literature shows that gender-linked differences in color perception warrant further investigation of retinal photopigment classes and color perception relations. We use genetic analyses to examine an important position in the gene sequence, and we empirically assess and compare the color perception of individuals possessing more than three retinal photopigment genes with those possessing fewer retinal photopigment genes. Women with four-photopigment genotypes are found to perceive significantly more chromatic appearances in comparison with either male or female trichromat controls. We provide a rationale for this previously undetected finding and discuss implications for theories of color perception and gender differences in color behavior.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes

Jameson

Highnote

Wasserman

2001

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

143

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“…The wavelength for unique yellow was determined by the point where the green and red response functions cross each other. Our values are in agreement with those found by others (Dimmick & Hubbard, 1939) and particularly with those determined by color-naming with lO-sec dark intervals, 2-sec test-field exposures, and a testfield luminance of 1.0 mL (3.2 cd/m"), the contribution of any effects of chromatic adaptation was almost certainly obviated (see Crawford, 1943;Johannsen, 1934). After the subject's response, an approximately 30-sec dark period followed, which was, in turn, followed by the presentation of a test field of a different wavelength.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Hue naming: A test of the validity of Werner and Wooten’s average observer

Fuld

Alie

1985

Perception & Psychophysics

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Fifteen subjects scaled monochromatic lights ranging from 460 to 640 nm by assigning percentages to the names blue, green, yellow, and red, representing the proportion of these hues perceived in the lights. The resulting hue-naming functions were compared to those predicted from the opponent-chromatic response functions of Werner and Wooten's (1979b) proposed average observer. The agreement between the two sets offunctions was reasonably good, which strengthens the validity of their average observer. Jameson and Hurvich (1955) were the first to measure quantitatively 'the spectral responsivity of the opponentchromatic channels, which were initially proposed by Hering (1920Hering ( /1964 in his opponent-colors theory. These quantitative measurements have since been replicated by others (Romeskie, 1978; Werner & Wooten, 1979a), using the same hue-cancellation technique as that used by Jameson and Hurvich.Werner and Wooten (1979b) have presented opponentchromatic response functions for the average observer. The functions are based on the data of seven subjects from three studies Romeskie, 1978; Werner & Wooten, 1979a). The importance of these functions, as Werner and Wooten (1979b) point out, is that they are useful for quantitative modeling when assumptions must be made about a standard or average psychophysical observer. Before such functions can be used with confidence, however, their validity must be tested. One way to do this is to examine the extent to which the opponent-ehromatic response functions for the average observer predict hue naming for a large group of subjects. Werner and Wooten (1979a) have shown individual opponent-chromatic response functions to be good predictors of the same individuals' hue-naming data. These same subjects' hue-naming functions have, in fact, been compared by Werner and Wooten (1979b) to the predicted functions of their average observer. But the average observer is based partly on these same subjects, so it is not surprising that the comparison was favorable. What is needed is a comparison of the predicted hue-naming functions from Werner and Wooten's average observer with those functions empirically obtained from a completely different population of subjects. That was the main purpose of the present study. Also, the subjects upon whom the average observer is based were not all experimentally naive and were all reasonably well practiced. Do their data generalize to naive and virtually unpracticed subjects? In the present study, this question was addressed as well.The authors' mailing address is: Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824. 145 METHOD SubjectsFifteen male, undergraduate students, enrolled in an introductory psychology course at the University of New Hampshire, served as subjects. Their color vision was assessed as normal on the basis of results from the administration of the Ishihara Pseudoisochromatic Test Plates and the Farnsworth Dichotomous Panel D-15 Test. The subjects ranged in age from 18 to 26 years. ApparatusA one-channe...

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“…It is of interest to discover how this definition of hue agrees with determinations of the stimulitfor unitary and intermediate hues. Table 1 gives the wave lengths in millimicrons for the spectrum stimuli for colors of these hues found by various investigators or reported by various authorities [11,12,14,80]. 6 The corresponding values by eq 1 were found by taking standard 101 illuminant o [23,39], representative of average daylight, as the stimulus for an achromatic color; that is, we have taken for this computation r,,=0.44 and gn=0.47.…”

Section: Yellow ______________ {-~3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hue, saturation, and lightness of surface colors with chromatic illumination

Judd¹

1940

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN.

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The visual mechanism of a normal observer is so constructed that objects keep nearly their daylight colors even when the illuminant departs markedly from average daylight. The processes by m eans of which t he observer becomes adapted to the illuminant or discounts most of the effect of a nondaylight illuminant are complicated; they are known to be partly retinal and partly cortical. By taking into account the various fragments of both qualitative and quantitative information to be found in the literature, relations have been formulated by means of which it is possible to compute approximately the hue, saturation , and lightness (tint, value) of a surface color from the tristimulus specifi cations of the light reflected from the surface and of the light reflected from the background against which it is viewed. Prelimin ary observations of 15 surfaces under each of 5 different illumina nts have demonstrated the adequacy of the formulation, and have led to an approximate evaluation of the constants appearing in it. More detailed and extensive observations have been carried out in the psychological laboratories of Bryn Mawr College, and these observations have resulted in an improved formulation.

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The Spectral Location of Psychologically Unique Yellow, Green, and Blue

Cited by 64 publications

References 0 publications

Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes

Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes

Hue naming: A test of the validity of Werner and Wooten’s average observer

Hue, saturation, and lightness of surface colors with chromatic illumination

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