The spillover effects of attentional learning on value-based choice

Gwinn, Rachael; Leber, Andrew B.; Krajbich, Ian

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.012

Cited by 44 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…In this foraging task, participants saw several Ls and had to choose one of them to reveal a hidden treasure. Despite successful location probability learning in the T-among-L search task, participants did not show preferences for the previously high-probability locations in the following treasure-hunt task (see also Gwinn, Leber, & Krajbich, 2018, for minimum transfer from visual search to choice behavior). The reverse was also true: after acquiring a bias toward a quadrant frequently hiding a treasure, participants did not perform the T-among-L task faster when the target appeared in the more highly rewarded quadrant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical learning of anomalous regions in complex faux X-ray images does not transfer between detection and discrimination

2018

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The visual environment contains predictable information - “statistical regularities” - that can be used to aid perception and attentional allocation. Here we investigate the role of statistical learning in facilitating search tasks that resemble medical-image perception. Using faux X-ray images, we employed two tasks that mimicked two problems in medical-image perception: detecting a target signal that is poorly segmented from the background; and discriminating a candidate anomaly from benign signals. In the first, participants searched a heavily camouflaged target embedded in cloud-like noise. In the second, the noise opacity was reduced, but the target appeared among visually similar distractors. We tested the hypothesis that learning may be task-specific. To this end, we introduced statistical regularities by presenting the target disproportionately more frequently in one region of the space. This manipulation successfully induced incidental learning of the target’s location probability, producing faster search when the target appeared in the high-probability region. The learned attentional preference persisted through a testing phase in which the target’s location was random. Supporting the task-specificity hypothesis, when the task changed between training and testing, the learned priority did not transfer. Eye tracking showed fewer, but longer, fixations in the detection than in the discrimination task. The observation of task-specificity of statistical learning has implications for theories of spatial attention and sheds light on the design of effective training tasks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical learning of anomalous regions in complex faux X-ray images does not transfer between detection and discrimination

2018

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“…This study not only enables to clarify the mechanism of the newly discovered postdictive effect of choice, but more broadly it could provide more direct evidence showing the modulation of attention on choice, in comparison with previous studies relying on indirect tests of attention such as inferring from eye-movement data wherein a couple of confoundings were involved as would be discussed later (Fisher, 2017;Gwinn, Leber, & Krajbich, 2019;Krajbich, Armel, & Rangel, 2010;Schonberg et al, 2014;Thomas, Molter, Krajbich, Heekeren, & Mohr, 2019). Moreover, the current study could assess the effect of attention on decision in a more stringent way because the time window of the involvement of attention was systematically manipulated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…First, many previous studies tried to control the influence of preference basing on the underlying assumption that preferences rely on a stable, independent valuation of each choice alternative, and should not be affected by uninformative contextual factors such as the structure of the choice set (Fisher, 2017;Gwinn et al, 2019;Krajbich et al, 2010;Schonberg et al, 2014;Thomas et al, 2019;Towal, Mormann, & Koch, 2013). In other words, the preference/liking rate should be constant no matter when the objects were presented alone in the liking rating task or when they were presented with other objects together in the decision task.…”

Section: Implications For Understanding the Effect Of Attention On Dementioning

confidence: 99%

The postdictive effect of choice reflects the modulation of attention on choice

shen¹,

Zhou²,

Chen³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Our conscious perception of the world is not an instantaneous moment-by-moment construction, but rather the information subsequent in time seems to affect the percept of the prior event, which was known as postdictive effect. A recent study reported this postdictive effect could even occur in choice decision. The present study sought to test whether the striking postdictive effect of choice reflects the modulation of attention on choice, by directly and systematically manipulating attention in two experiments. Specifically, Experiment 1 revealed that the robust postdictive effect of choice was almost completely eliminated when the attentional bias triggered by a sudden color change was removed. More importantly, Experiment 2 demonstrated that the postdictive effect of choice could be modulated by directly manipulating participants’ attention with a spatial cue, in particular when the cue appeared at short time delays (less than 500 ms). These findings suggest that choice decision could be considerably postdicted by attention and this effect was most pronounced within a short time window wherein the decision was most likely in progress.

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“…First, the two choice options were identical artificial items (e.g., circles), rather than different real-world objects (e.g., faces) as in most previous studies, which ensured that participants could not make a choice based on their inherent preferences that were independent of attention. Second, attention was more directly manipulated by using the classic and well-accepted spatial cue paradigm (Chen & Wyble, 2018;Posner, 1980;Posner et al, 1980), which could overcome the possible limitations associated with eye-tracking based methodology (Gwinn, Leber, & Krajbich, 2019), and thus provide more direct and causal evidence for the effect of attention in decision making. Finally, the current study not only tested whether or not (yes or no) attention could affect decision making, but also provided stringent ways of evaluating this effect by systematically assessing the time window in which the attentional effect on choice decisions can occur.…”

Section: Implications For Understanding the Effect Of Attention On Dementioning

confidence: 99%

The postdictive effect of choice reflects the modulation of attention on choice

et al. 2020

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Our conscious perception of the world is not an instantaneous, moment-by-moment construction. Rather, our perception of an event is influenced, over time, by information gained after the event; this is known as a postdictive effect. A recent study reported that this postdictive effect could occur even in choice. The present study sought to test whether the striking postdictive effect of choice reflects the modulation of attention on choice, by directly and systematically manipulating attention in two experiments. Specifically, Experiment 1 revealed that the robust postdictive effect of choice was almost completely eliminated when attentional bias was removed. More important, Experiment 2 demonstrated that the postdictive effect of choice could be modulated by directly manipulating participants' attention with a spatial cue, in particular, when the cue appeared at short time delays. These results suggest that choice could be considerably postdictively influenced by attention and this effect was most pronounced within a short time window wherein decision making was most likely in progress. The current study not only enables clarification of the mechanism of the newly discovered postdictive effect of choice, but also extends evidence of the modulation of attention on decision making.

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The spillover effects of attentional learning on value-based choice

Cited by 44 publications

References 71 publications

Statistical learning of anomalous regions in complex faux X-ray images does not transfer between detection and discrimination

Statistical learning of anomalous regions in complex faux X-ray images does not transfer between detection and discrimination

The postdictive effect of choice reflects the modulation of attention on choice

The postdictive effect of choice reflects the modulation of attention on choice

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