The Spiral of Silence in the 1948 Presidential Election

McDonald, David; Glynn, Carroll J.; Kim, Sei‐Hill; Ostman, Ronald E.

doi:10.1177/009365001028002001

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Contending with and falling between both 'change' and 'reinforcement' theory are media influence models claiming that mass media can have greater influence than mere reinforcement but have insufficient power to actually change values (McCombs & Shaw, 1972, 1993McDonald, Glynn, Kim, & Ostman, 2001;Noelle-Neumann, 1973). Very broadly this perspective argues that media can help to shape people's opinions, values and attitudes.…”

Section: Model Three: Shapingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the relationship between media coverage and participation in entrepreneurship: Initial global evidence and research implications

Hindle

Klyver

2006

Int Entrep Manag J

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Using a set of variables measured in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study, our empirical investigation explored the influence of mass media through national culture on national entrepreneurial participation rates in 37 countries over 4 years (2000 to 2003). We found that stories about successful entrepreneurs, conveyed in mass media, were not significantly associated with the rate of nascent (opportunity searching) or the rate of actual (business activities commenced up to 3 months old) start-up activity, but that there was a significant positive association between the volume of entrepreneurship media stories and a nation's volume of people running a young business (that is in GEM terminology, a business aged greater than 3 but less than 42 months old). More particularly, such stories had strong positive association with opportunity oriented operators of young businesses. Together, these findings are compatible with what in the mass communications theory literature may be called the 'reinforcement model'. This argues that mass media are only capable of reinforcing their audience's existing values and choice propensities but are not capable of shaping or changing those values and choices. In the area covered by this paper, policy-makers are committing public resources to media campaigns of doubtful utility in the absence of an evidence base. A main implication drawn from this study is the need for further and more sophisticated investigation into the relationship between media coverage of entrepreneurship, national culture and the rates and nature of people's participation in the various stages of the entrepreneurial process.

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Section: Model Three: Shapingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the relationship between media coverage and participation in entrepreneurship: Initial global evidence and research implications

Hindle

Klyver

2006

Int Entrep Manag J

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“…As politicians and political pundits continue to extend their reach through cable news networks and social media, it is the responsibility of social studies educators to train students how to see through misinformation and half-truths, discern political fact from opinion, and become active and engaged consumers of political information. (McDonald, Glynn, Kim, & Ostman, 2001), and the 1988 California gubernatorial race that led to the so-called "Bradley Effect" in which White voters may lie about their willingness to vote for minority candidates (Payne, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning to Think Politically: Toward More Complete Disciplinary Knowledge in Civics and Government Courses

Journell

Beeson

Ayers

2015

Theory & Research in Social Education

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Secondary civics and government courses are often framed as a content area in which students learn about processes of government and ways of participating in a democratic society, as opposed to a discipline in which students use specific tools and ways of thinking that mimic those used by professionals within that discipline. In this article, we call for an increased emphasis on disciplinary knowledge in civics and government courses, specifically knowledge that utilizes the tools and methodologies of political scientists. Through a study of an exemplary civics teacher during the 2012 Presidential Election, we illustrate the benefits of a disciplinary approach to civics instruction. Our findings suggest that such an approach allows students to better understand tools of social inquiry and provides them with the skills to think critically about politics and political behavior.

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“…Others have operationalized opinion expression as answering a question presented by a pollster (e.g., Glynn & McLeod, 1984;Glynn & Park, 1997;McDonald, Glynn, Kim, & Ostman, 2001). In those studies, a response other than ''don't know'' or refusing is treated as opinion expression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some researchers have asked participants how willing they would be to be interviewed by a reporter (e.g., Baldassare & Katz, 1996; Katz & Baldassare, 1994; Salmon & Neuwirth, 1990; Salmon & Oshagan, 1990), who it is fair to assume would be asking questions about what he or she thinks. Others have operationalized opinion expression as answering a question presented by a pollster (e.g., Glynn & McLeod, 1984; Glynn & Park, 1997; McDonald, Glynn, Kim, & Ostman, 2001). In those studies, a response other than “don’t know” or refusing is treated as opinion expression.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Forms of Self-Censorship: On the Spiral of Silence and the Use of Opinion Expression Avoidance Strategies

Hayes

2007

Journal of Communication

134

130

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In almost all studies investigating spiral of silence theory, the outcome variable has been a person’s reported willingness to express his or her opinion or engage others in a conversation. Research to date is largely silent on strategies that people might use to avoid speaking their opinion when it is requested by an audience hostile to that opinion. Participants in this study were asked how they would respond to a request for their opinion by a person who would disagree. Responses revealed a variety of different strategies people report they would use to censor their own opinion expression, such as expressing indifference or ambivalence, trying to change the subject, or reflecting the question back without answering it. An experimental manipulation of the climate of opinion revealed that a hostile opinion climate prompted greater use of expression avoidance strategies than a friendly climate, and some topics of conversation prompted more opinion expression avoidance independent of the climate of opinion.

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The Spiral of Silence in the 1948 Presidential Election

Cited by 27 publications

References 15 publications

Exploring the relationship between media coverage and participation in entrepreneurship: Initial global evidence and research implications

Exploring the relationship between media coverage and participation in entrepreneurship: Initial global evidence and research implications

Learning to Think Politically: Toward More Complete Disciplinary Knowledge in Civics and Government Courses

Exploring the Forms of Self-Censorship: On the Spiral of Silence and the Use of Opinion Expression Avoidance Strategies

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