The Spitak, Armenia earthquake of 7 December 1988 — why so much destruction

Hadjian, A.H.

doi:10.1016/0267-7261(93)90053-t

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Studies on site effects in urban areas have increased in the recent past, especially after the occurrence of heavy destruction in large cities caused by amplification phenomena: Mexico City in 1985 (Singh et al, 1988), Armenia in 1988(Hadjian, 1993, and Izmit in 1999 (Bakir et al, 2002). The evaluation of site effects is commonly performed by comparing spectral ratios from weak-or strong-motion recordings with surface geology, at a fine scale when sufficient data are available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Investigation of Surface Geology and Intensity Variability in the Palermo, Italy, Urban Area after the 6 September 2002 Earthquake

Giammarinaro

Tertulliani

Galli

et al. 2005

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For the first time, a high-density macroseismic survey has been carried out in the city of Palermo, Italy, after the 6 September 2002, M w 5.9 earthquake. The aim was to investigate the spatial relationships and correlations between intensity data and surface geology. A very dense database has been created to store a large amount of macroseismic, stratigraphic, and geotechnical information. A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tool, called City-GIS, enables data processing by instruments and research keys devoted to seismic hazard. The results show the feasibility of such procedures, especially for large cities where the surface geology critically influences the ground motion. Our analysis, made on the basis of more than 2000 intensity observations scattered in the Palermo urban area, demonstrates the role of the variable geology in the variability of shaking. Significant variations of intensity are related to the geometry of the geologic formations present in the area. Intensities increase by about one intensity class inside those city sectors where the stratigraphic succession is characterized by a thin layer of calcarenites overlying very thick layers of silty clayey sands. Major amplification of up to two classes occurs in alluvial deposits in the southeastern part of Palermo, as expected. These results extend our knowledge of the seismic response in the outskirts of Palermo, which until now, was limited to the city center.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Investigation of Surface Geology and Intensity Variability in the Palermo, Italy, Urban Area after the 6 September 2002 Earthquake

Giammarinaro

Tertulliani

Galli

et al. 2005

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The social issues are the problems of dealing with the dead, injured, homeless, the orphans, and the populations' ability to cope with this level of disaster (Hadjian, 1992). The ethical issue relates to the level of safety provided by planners, engineers, and construction scientists for the community when planning these developments, when compared to the use of funds for other purposes.…”

Section: Development Of the New Regional Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

A major urban earthquake: planning for Armageddon

Nichols¹

2005

Landscape and Urban Planning

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Although collapse of the systems was attributed to failure of welded column splices and shear failure of the beams and poor materials, the lack of diaphragm integrity is thought to have prevented redistribution of forces and contributed to the overall lack of performance. Evaluation by Hadjian (1993) also pointed out that the Soviet design approach assumed that the jointed untopped hollow core floor acted as a rigid diaphragm, which was in fact not the case. According to Hadjian, approaches used in design calculations "had nothing to do with the actual response of the structure.…”

Section: Performance In Past Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 99%