The Splay Leg Syndrome in Piglets: A Review

Papatsiros, Vasileios G.

doi:10.3844/ajavsp.2012.80.83

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…A number of environmental factors are considered to be involved in or related to the expression of the PCS phenotype [reviewed in (24)]. This conclusion was derived from several studies reporting effects of nutrition, induced farrowing, housing conditions and diseases on the incidence of PCS.…”

Section: Current Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital Splay Leg Syndrome in Piglets—Current Knowledge and a New Approach to Etiology

2021

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The porcine congenital splay leg syndrome (PCS), even though being of transient nature, is still one of the most important causes for piglet losses due to its high incidence and mortality. Although, described decades ago, the pathogenetic mechanism is still elusive. Numerous, mostly descriptive studies characterized the syndrome at clinical, histological and cellular levels but resulted in a highly diverse picture of the syndrome. Broad variability in phenotypical expression and, in case of proper care, the rapid recovery of affected animals complicated a systematical analysis of the underlying pathogenesis. Although, several environmental factors were discussed as potential causes of PCS, most of the evidence points to a hereditary basis of PCS. Nevertheless, only few of the suggested candidate genes from transcriptome and mapping analyses, like F-box protein 32 (FBXO32), could be confirmed so far. Only recently, a genome wide association study revealed genomic regions on five porcine chromosomes and named a number of potential candidate genes, among them homer scaffold protein 1 (HOMER1). This new candidate—a cellular scaffold protein—plays a role in a plethora of cellular signaling cascades, and is not only involved in skeletal muscle differentiation but also critical for muscular function. In this review, we critically elucidate the current state of knowledge in the field and evaluate current achievements in the identification of the pathogenetic mechanism for the syndrome.

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Section: Current Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital Splay Leg Syndrome in Piglets—Current Knowledge and a New Approach to Etiology

2021

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“…Deoxynivalenol, also known as vomitoxin, generally damages the digestive system of pigs causing vomiting or feed refusal (Trenholm et al, 1994) while ZON disturbs the reproductive system of female pigs and consequently reduces sow performance (Döll et al, 2003;Papatsiros, 2012). Some studies carried out the experiments using corn (Young et al, 1981;Rotter et al, 1995) or wheat (Friend et al, 1983;Waché et al, 2009) Science Publications AJAVS as a natural source of mycotoxin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EFFECTS OF NATURALLY PRODUCED DIETARY <i>FUSARIUM</i> MYCOTOXINS ON WEANING PIGS

Shin

Kong

Kim³

et al. 2014

American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

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Mycotoxins reduce animal productivity and animal health. The influence of Fusarium mycotoxins in corn co-products on pig performance is an important issue in swine feed industry. This study was conducted to determine the effects of naturally produced Fusarium mycotoxins in Corn Gluten Meal (CGM) on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total 96 weaning pigs comprising 48 gilts and 48 barrows with an initial body weight of 5.08 kg (SD = 1.28) were grouped into 3 blocks in each sex by initial body weight and randomly allotted to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 6 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs were housed in each pen. The 4 experimental diets mainly based on corn, CGM, dried whey and soybean meal were formulated to contain 4 concentrations of mycotoxins derived from the contaminated CGM. Diet 1 contained 32 µg kg −1 Deoxynivalenol (DON) and 6 µg kg During the overall experimental period, both ADG and ADFI linearly depressed with increasing concentration of mycotoxins (p<0.05).In conclusion, the current study showed that dietary Fusarium mycotoxins derived from contaminated CGM by Fusarium fungi resulted in decreased growth performance of nursery pigs. Swine nutritionists may increase nutrient concentrations of diets to partially overcome the negeative effects of Fusarium mycotoxins in corn co-products on feed intake of pigs.

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“…The resulting immobility increases the risk of affected piglets being injured or dying from accidental crushing by the sow or from starvation ( 1 ). Thus, high incidence (0.4% to >8%) and mortality rates up to 50% make PCS a problem for the pig industry; first as a source of significant economic losses, but also due to the considerable negative impact on animal welfare and health ( 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCS has long been recognized as a multifactorial disease ( 1 , 3 ). Its pathogenesis is far from clear but involves a polygenic inheritance ( 4 ) as well as a multitude of environmental factors and stressors [reviewed in ( 2 , 5 )].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that primary type I myofibers remain unimpaired by MFH ( 18 ), whereas secondary type II fibers are mostly affected ( 7 ). As myofiber-type differentiation is neurally regulated, altered motor innervation, defective excitation-contraction-coupling, or disturbed contractile mechanisms might cause myofiber immaturity ( 2 , 11 , 16 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Homer 1 genotype AA variant relates to congenital splay leg syndrome in piglets by repressing Pax7 in myogenic progenitors

Schumacher,

Reyer,

Maak

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionPorcine congenital splay leg syndrome (PCS) is a major birth defect in piglets, resulting in lameness and high mortality rates. The multifactorial pathogenesis of PSC is not well understood but includes a polygenic inheritance.MethodsHere, in addition to morphological investigations, we characterized the expression of myogenic genes and functional (proliferation and differentiation) properties of myogenic precursor/satellite cells (SATCs) in 1 day-old PCS piglets, non-affected littermates (LCs), and piglets from PCS-free healthy litters (HCs). In addition, PCS phenotypes were related to the SNP Homer1_rs325197091 within the Homer1 locus, which has been identified as a potential hereditary cause of PCS.Results and discussionSamples from musculus semitendinosus (ST) of PCS piglets had a higher proportion of type II fibers, reflecting myofiber immaturity. In addition, myofiber atrophy, a lower number of myonuclei per fiber (ST), and a higher apoptotic activity (in ST and longissimus dorsi muscle; LD) were found in the PCS group. A higher proportion of cycling committed myoblasts (Pax7+/Ki67+ cells) occurred in samples from PCS-affected piglets, and on the other hand, the mRNA expression of genes involved in differentiation (muscle differentiation 1; MyoD, myogenin; MyoG) was repressed compared with HCs. Cultured SATCs from PCS-affected animals showed a temporal shift in peak expression of Pax7, MyoD, and MyoG toward days 3 and 4 of their 7 days differentiation regime. In vitro experiments with isolated SATCs confirmed the lower differentiation potential and the delayed progression of the myogenic processes in cells from piglets with PCS phenotype. In addition, Pax7 and desmin were differently expressed in Homer1_rs325197091 genotype variants (GG, GA, and AA). Both genes showed the lowest expression in the homozygous AA-variant, which was most frequently found in PCS-affected animals. The homozygous AA-variant was also associated with lower expression of the truncated Homer1-subtype 205. Thus, we hypothesize that in PCS, the balance between Homer1 proteins and its signaling functions is changed in a way detrimental to the myogenic differentiation program. Our results demonstrated direct negative effects of the Homer1 AA genotype on Pax7 expression, but the exact mode of action still needs to be elucidated.

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The Splay Leg Syndrome in Piglets: A Review

Cited by 14 publications

References 24 publications

Congenital Splay Leg Syndrome in Piglets—Current Knowledge and a New Approach to Etiology

Congenital Splay Leg Syndrome in Piglets—Current Knowledge and a New Approach to Etiology

EFFECTS OF NATURALLY PRODUCED DIETARY <i>FUSARIUM</i> MYCOTOXINS ON WEANING PIGS

Homer 1 genotype AA variant relates to congenital splay leg syndrome in piglets by repressing Pax7 in myogenic progenitors

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