The Spread of the Obesity Epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998

Mokdad, Ali H.; Serdula, Mary K.; Dietz, William H.; Bowman, Barbara A.; Marks, James S.; Koplan, Jeffrey P.

doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1519

Cited by 1,996 publications

(1,121 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Also there are evidences to suggest that an increased body fat mass decreases postural stability and increases the odds of falling, particularly when combined with low muscle mass. Owusu et al 9 reported that hip and wrist fractures among 43 053 men aged 40-75 years was increased depending on waist circumference and waist-tohip ratio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing weight increases postural stability in obese and morbid obese men

et al. 2006

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Objective: To investigate the effect of weight loss on balance control in obese and morbid obese men. Methods: In a longitudinal and clinical intervention study, postural stability was measured with a force platform before and after weight loss in men. Weight loss was obtained in obese men (mean body mass index (BMI) ¼ 33.0 kg/m 2 ) by hypocaloric diet until resistance and in morbid obese men (mean BMI ¼ 50.5 kg/m 2 ) by bariatric surgery. Morbid obese men were tested before surgery, and 3 and 12 months after surgery when they had lost 20 and nearly 50% of initial body weight, respectively. Normal weight individuals (mean BMI ¼ 22.7 kg/m 2 ) were tested twice within a 6-to 12-month period to serve as control. Body fatness and fat distribution measures, and posturographic parameters of the center of foot pressure (CP) along the antero-posterior and medio-lateral axes for conditions with and without vision were performed in all subjects. Results: Weight loss averaged 12.3 kg after dieting and 71.3 kg after surgery. Body weight remained unchanged in the control group. After weight loss, nearly all measures of postural stability were improved with and without vision (i.e., CP speed and range in antero-posterior and medio-lateral axes). A strong linear relationship was observed between weight loss and improvement in balance control measured from CP speed (adjusted R 2 ¼ 0.65, Po0.001). Conclusion: Weight loss improves balance control in obese men and the extent of the improvement is directly related to the amount of weight loss. This should decrease the habitual greater risk of falling observed in obese individuals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing weight increases postural stability in obese and morbid obese men

et al. 2006

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“…1 In the United States, this increase has been labeled an 'epidemic' of significant public health concern due to the association between obesity and long-lasting health problems, increased disability and premature death. 2,3 Unfortunately, the concepts of overweight and obesity, as defined by body mass index (BMI), are poorly understood by the general public. Multiple investigations have documented misperceptions of weight status by adults, [4][5][6] adolescents, 7 and parents of preschool through adolescent children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BMI-based body size guides for women and men: development and validation of a novel pictorial method to assess weight-related concepts

et al. 2007

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Objectives: To develop and evaluate two BMI-based instruments to determine perceptions of weight status, particularly perceptions of overweight and obesity, using pictorial images of women and men. Methods: Pictures of adults with known BMI values were used to construct gender-specific body size guides (BSGs) containing 10 bodies that ranged from underweight to class III obesity. Figures were standardized and a composite face was added to each. The BSGs were administered to 400 adults to assess the psychometric properties of the instruments and weight perceptions. Results: High correlations between the BMIs of respondents and the BMIs of the current body selected by respondents provided strong support for the criterion-related validity of the BSGs, and the logical pattern of responses to items assessing perception of weight categories supported construct validity for the scales. Test-retest reliability, assessed by correlations for both current and ideal body, was also high, despite the lengthy 6-month testing interval. Respondents' perceptions of the bodies within specific weight categories indicated that a majority failed to recognize the overweight female as overweight and perceived the overweight male as normal weight. Obese bodies were generally unrecognized as such until the bodies reached the higher levels of obesity (that is, BMI values 439). Perception of weight was influenced by the respondents' weight status and gender. Conclusions: Psychometric analyses indicated the BSGs are valid and reliable instruments. These results, coupled with the face validity of the scales and the relationship between the bodies and BMI values, indicate the BSGs offer advantages over existing instruments for researchers of weight perception and body image. Administration of the scales to an adult sample confirmed that overweight and obesity are under-recognized. Increased efforts to improve public understanding of these terms are needed and the BSGs may provide useful tools for this purpose.

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“…12,13 In addition to increased mortality, obesity has been known to be associated with higher risk of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease as compared to normal counterparts. 14,15 Since the prevalence of obesity has increased most rapidly among 18-to 29-year-old individuals and those with college education, 16 early intervention can help reducing the morbidity associated with obesity. In addition, the report from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey has demonstrated that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in American adolescence was 6.8% among overweight subjects and 28.7% among obese individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and hepatitis B infection are associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome in university freshmen

Chiu

et al. 2007

Int J Obes

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Objective: To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated risk factors in a cohort of university freshmen. Design: A cross-sectional study in a university health center in North Taiwan. Subjects: A total of 8226 students (mean age: 19.272.3 years) receiving pre-entrance health examinations and lifestyle questionnaires during the 2005-2006 academic year were recruited. Measurements: A fasting plasma glucose, lipids, uric acid and hepatitis B serology were measured for each subject. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components were examined using the America Heart Association and National Heart Lung Blood Institute criteria. The risk factors for metabolic syndrome were identified using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome was 12.7% (17.0% in men and 7.6% in women), 13.0% (18.4% in men and 6.4% in women) and 4.6% (6.4% in men and 2.4% in women). The risk for metabolic syndrome increased with an increase of body mass index and plasma uric acid level, and decreased with the vigorous physical activity and current alcohol drinking. Furthermore, as compared to subjects with seroprotective titers from hepatitis B vaccination (antiHBs( þ ) and anti-HBc(À)), those without protective titers of anti-HBs after vaccination or without hepatitis B infection (antiHBs(À) and anti-HBc(À)) had 34% higher risk for metabolic syndrome, and those with natural infection of hepatitis B (anti-HBc( þ )) had 58% higher risk for metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: Overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome were more common among men than women in university freshmen. Hepatitis B vaccination with anti-HBs( þ ) was associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome as compared to antiHBs(À). However, hepatitis B infection presented with anti-HBc( þ ) was associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome. The interplay between hepatitis B infection, hepatitis B vaccination and metabolic syndrome needs further investigation.

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The Spread of the Obesity Epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998

Abstract: Obesity continues to increase rapidly in the United States. To alter this trend, strategies and programs for weight maintenance as well as weight reduction must become a higher public health priority.

Cited by 1,996 publications

References 12 publications

Reducing weight increases postural stability in obese and morbid obese men

Reducing weight increases postural stability in obese and morbid obese men

BMI-based body size guides for women and men: development and validation of a novel pictorial method to assess weight-related concepts

Obesity and hepatitis B infection are associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome in university freshmen

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