The Spruce-Fir Forests of the Catskill Mountains

McIntosh, Robert P.; Hurley, R. T.

doi:10.2307/1933844

Cited by 62 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Tsuga and Fagus trees are characteristically found in more mesic sites and in older forests in the Lake George region (NICHOLSON et ai, 1979) while P. strobus and Quercus are early successional species in the Catskills (McINTOSH, 1972). Values of Acer pollen are quite high, and indicate the importance of Acer trees in the forest around Clear Pond ; Acer pollen values (which amount to 3-7 %) were greater than those of the "érablière" of southern Québec (RICHARD, 1976).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Holocene Pollen Stratigraphy in Four Northeastern United States Lakes

Gajewski¹,

Swain²,

Peterson³

2007

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Four pollen diagrams from Maine, New York, and Pennsylvania provide fine resolution (40 or 80 years) records of vegetation change in northeastern United States during the past 2000 years. A long term increase in pollen accumulation rates (PAR) of Picea occurred at the three sites in Maine and New York. Around 1100 years ago, Tsuga and Fagus decreased and Quercus and Castanea increased at Ely Lake in northeastern Pennsylvania. Around 500 years ago, Tsuga and Fagus greatly decreased in Maine and northern New York, while in northeastern Pennsylvania there was an increase in Tsuga and Fagus and a decrease in Quercus and Castanea pollen. Non-arboreal PAR were negligible prior to the European settlement of the area, after which there was an abrupt increase in non-arboreal pollen types.Quatre diagrammes polliniques des états du Maine, de New York et de Pennsylvanie illustrent de manière détaillée (40 ou 80 ans) les changements survenus dans la végétation du nord-est des États-Unis sur une période de 2000 ans. Les trois diagrammes des états du Maine et de New York enregistrent un accroissement continu de l'influx pollinique (PAR) de Picea. Il y a environ 1100 ans, Tsuga et Fagus ont subi une diminution, tandis que Quercus et Castanea ont augmenté à Ely Lake, dans le nord-est de la Pennsylvanie. Il y a 500 ans, Tsuga et Fagus ont considérablement diminué dans les états du Maine et de New York, alors que leur représentation pollinique augmentait dans le nord-est de la Pennsylvanie et que Quercus et Castanea diminuaient. Les influx polliniques des herbacés étaient minimes avant l'arrivée des Européens dans la région, après quoi ces taxons ont connu une augmentation subite.Vier Pollen-Diagramme von Maine, New York und Pennsylvania geben detaillierte Auflôsungs-Nachweise der Vegetationswechsel im Nordosten der Vereinigten Staaten wàhrend der letzten 2000 Jahre. Ein langfristiges Anwachsen der Pollen-Akkumulationsraten (PAR) von Picea trat an den drei Fundstellen in Maine und im Staat New York auf. Vor ungefàhr 11000 Jahren, nahmen am Ely-See in Nordost-Pennsylvania Tsuga and Fagus ab und Quercus und Castanea zu. Vor ungefàhr 500 Jahren nahmen in Maine und im Norden des staats New York Tsuga und Fagus stark ab, wàhrend in Nordost-Pennsylvania Tsuga und Fagus zunahmen und Quercus und Casfanea-Pollen abnahmen. Die nicht von Bàumen stammenden PAR waren gering, bevor das Gebiet von Europàern besiedelt wurde, wàhrend danach die nicht von Bàumen stammenden Pollenarten plôtzlich anwuchsen

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Holocene Pollen Stratigraphy in Four Northeastern United States Lakes

Gajewski¹,

Swain²,

Peterson³

2007

gpq

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“…The vegetation of the zone roughly between 500 and 1100 m elevation is typical of northern hardwood forests throughout the northeastern United States. McIntosh (1972) reported sugar maple to be the most common tree in the Catskills, being present in 81% of the stands sampled and the leading dominant in 27% of them. Beech was second, being present in 70% of the stands and the leading dominant in 16%, and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.)…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…McIntosh (1972) found that beech composed 12.8% of the total tree density in the Catskills based on data collected from 1960 to 1963. We found beech to compose 17% of the total density.…”

Section: Beech Abundancementioning

confidence: 99%

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The distribution and severity of beech bark disease in the Catskill Mountains, N.Y.

Griffin¹,

Lovett²,

Arthur³

et al. 2003

Can. J. For. Res.

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Abstract:The distribution and severity of beech bark disease (BBD) in the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York state, U.S.A., were measured between 1997 and 2000. Forest composition was measured using wedge prism surveys and fixed-area plot counts of canopy species. BBD severity on individual trees was ranked from 1 (no disease) to 5 (dead) based on bark health and canopy loss. These data were analyzed at multiple spatial scales to determine possible controls of disease distribution and severity. BBD was present on almost all Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech) individuals encountered >10 cm diameter at breast height, but was most severe in larger diameter classes. Mortality due to BBD also increased with diameter class. A strong positive relationship was found between BBD severity and relative beech basal area at the tract (hundreds of hectares) and 100-m elevation band spatial scales, but not found at smaller scales. Successful long-range dispersal of the disease may therefore be dependent upon host density, while local conditions may control BBD severity within individual stands. The current status of BBD in the Catskills suggests these forests are entering the aftermath phase of the disease's progression and that BBD has become an endemic component of these forests.Résumé : La distribution et la sévérité de la maladie corticale du hêtre dans les monts Catskills du sud-est de l'État de New York aux États-Unis ont été mesurées entre 1997 et 2000. La composition de la forêt a été évaluée par un inventaire au prisme et le décompte des espèces dominantes dans des placettes à aire fixe. La sévérité de la maladie a été classée de 1 (sain) à 5 (mort) sur chaque arbre en se basant sur l'état de santé de l'écorce et la perte de cime. Ces données ont été analysées à plusieurs échelles spatiales pour déterminer les facteurs potentiels qui régissent la distribution et la sévérité de la maladie. La maladie était présente sur presque tous les hêtres à grandes feuilles (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) présents de plus de 10 cm au diamétre à hauteur de poitrine mais elle était plus sévère dans les plus fortes classes de diamètre. La mortalité due à la maladie augmentait aussi avec la classe de diamètre. Une relation positive étroite a été observée entre la sévérité de la maladie et la surface terrière relative des hêtres à l'échelle spatiale de la parcelle (centaines d'hectares) et de la bande de 100 m d'altitude mais pas à de plus petites échelles. La dispersion de la maladie sur de longues distances est par conséquent possiblement dépendante de la densité de l'hôte tandis que les conditions locales contrôlent vraisemblablement la sévérité de la maladie dans chaque peuplement. La situation pré-sente de la maladie dans les Catskills indiquent que ces forêts entrent dans la phase finale de la progression de la maladie et que celle-ci est devenue une composante endémique de ces forêts.[Traduit par la Rédaction] Griffin et al. 1760

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“…ow ever, while the forest mosaic indicator will help to define the range of acceptable forest compositions to be maintained in a managed landscape, it is through an understanding of regeneration dynamics, such as the distinction between the effect of natural disturbances versus harvesting practices, that the long-term impact of forest management activities on the forest mosaic will be made. In fact, it is recognised that harvest activities may transform the composition and structure of some forests mostly by altering regeneration processes (and forest age structures) and by promoting tree species that are better adapted to new conditions generated by cutting disturbance (Sicama 1971, McIntosh 1972, Whitney 1986, Carleton and MacLellan 1994.…”

Section: Landscape Level Planning Indicatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of integrated ecological standards of sustainable forest management at an operational scale

Kneeshaw¹,

Leduc²,

Drapeau³

et al. 2000

The Forestry Chronicle

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Pierre Drapeau114, Sylvie ~a u t h i e r l~~, David F' ar6115, Richard Carignan6, Rene Doucet7, Luc Bouthillier2, and Christian ~e s s i e r l Within Canada, and internationally, an increasing demand that forests be managed to maintain all resources has led to the development of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management. There is, however, a lack of understanding, at an operational scale, how to evaluate and compare forest management activities to ensure the sustainability of all resources. For example, nationally, many of the existing indicators are too broad to be used directly at a local scale of forest management; provincially, regulations are often too prescriptive and rigid to allow for adaptive management; and forest certification programs, often based largely on public or stakeholder opinion instead of scientific understanding, may be too local in nature to permit a comparison of operations across a biome. At an operational scale indicators must be relevant to forest activities and ecologically integrated. In order to aid decision-makers in the adaptive management necessary for sustainable forest management, two types of indicators are identified: those that are prescriptive to aid in planning forest management and those that are evaluative to be used in monitoring and suggesting improvements. An integrated approach to developing standards based on an ecosystem management paradigm is outlined for the boreal forest where the variability inherent in natural systems is used to define the limits within which forest management is ecologically sustainable. Sustainability thresholds are thus d e f i by ecosystem response after natural disturbances. For this exercise, standards are proposed for biodiversity, forest productivity via regeneration, soil conservation and aquatic resources. For each of these standards, planning indicators are developed for managing forest conditions while forest values are evaluated by environmental indicators, thus leading to a continuous cycle of improvement. Approaches to developing critical thresholds and corresponding prescriptions are also outlined. In all cases, the scale of evaluation is clearly related to the landscape (or FMU) level while the stand level is used for measurement purposes. In this view the forest should be managed as a whole even though forest interventions are usually undertaken at the stand level.

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The Spruce-Fir Forests of the Catskill Mountains

Cited by 62 publications

References 26 publications

Late Holocene Pollen Stratigraphy in Four Northeastern United States Lakes

Late Holocene Pollen Stratigraphy in Four Northeastern United States Lakes

The distribution and severity of beech bark disease in the Catskill Mountains, N.Y.

Development of integrated ecological standards of sustainable forest management at an operational scale

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