Cationic liposome-nucleic acid complexes, which were originally developed for use as non-viral gene delivery vectors, may now have an equally important application as immunotherapeutic drugs. Recent studies have highlighted the ability of cationic liposomes to markedly potentiate activation of the innate immune system by certain Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. The immune enhancing properties of cationic liposomes are most obvious when they are combined with nucleic acid agonists for endosomally-located TLRs, including TLR3, TLR7/8, and TLR9. How this immune potentiation by cationic liposomes is mediated is not completely understood, but is thought to reflect the combined effects of more efficient endosomal targeting, protection from extracellular degradation, and signaling through newly identified cytoplasmic receptors for nucleic acids. The potent innate immune stimulatory properties of liposome-nucleic acid complexes make them particularly effective as immunotherapeutics or vaccine adjuvants. As stand-alone immunotherapeutics, liposome-nucleic acid complexes have demonstrated impressive anti-cancer activity in a number of different animal tumor models. Moreover, liposome-nucleic acid complexes also show promise for immunotherapy of acute viral and bacterial infections and chronic fungal infections. When used as vaccine adjuvants, liposome-nucleic acid complexes target antigens for efficient uptake by dendritic cells and are particularly effective in eliciting T cell responses. Thus, cationic liposomes combined with nucleic acids form the basis for a potent and versatile immunotherapeutic platform.