The standardization of a 204Tl solution

Sahagia, Maria; Razdolescu, Anamaria Cristina; Grigorescu, E.L.; Luca, A.; Ivan, C.

doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(99)00199-2

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…H-3, C-14, P-32, Ni-63, Tc-99, Tl-204 and some low energy electron-capture emitters, i.e. Fe-55 [59,60,70,71]. Detection efficiency variation can be achieved using techniques of chemical quenching, coaxial grey filters and PM tubes defocusing.…”

Section: (D) the Coincidence Methods By A 4πβ-γ Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some examples of absolute standardization of radiopharmaceuicals and related radioisotopes are shown in The efficiency tracer techniques, using Co-60, Cs-134, C-14, Cr-51, Mn-54 or Am-241 standard solution for the standardization of the β-γ nucides were developed. The 4π liquid scintillation (LS) consisted of the extrapolation of the 4π counting rate to the zero discrimination level for the standardization of the Tl-204 (97.6% β emission and 2.4% electron capture) solution was carried out for efficiency tracing using a Co-60 standard solution received in the framework of the 1997 BIPM comparison was carried out by Sahagia et al [59]. A germanium spectrometer was calibrated for the standardization of Pb-210 using Am-241 as a normalizing agent has been proposed [58].…”

Section: Audit Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…counting statistics and type B standard uncertainty, i.e. extrapolation (interception uncertainty), spurious pulses, nonuniformity of sources, tracer activity, E. C. correction, dead-time, background, half-life, weighing were evaluated by Sahagia et al [59].…”

Section: Uncertainty Of Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[83]. International comparisons held by BIPM also can be traced by laboratories such as National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (Romania) [59], Laboratorio de Metrologia Nuclear (Brazil) in collaboration with the Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes, from Rio de Janeiro [57], Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (India) [61], and Electrotechnical Laboratory (ETL) (Japan) [69].…”

Section: International Measurement Programmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quality by Design and Risk Assessment for Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Imaging

Liu¹,

Jian-hua²,

Men³

et al. 2012

Latest Research Into Quality Control

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IAEA), World Health Organization (WHO) and European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). The attributes of the components in the quality system (QA/QC), including organization, staffing and personnel, facilities, instrumentation and equipment, operation procedure, radiopharmaceuticals, protocol and conduct of a study or a treatment, records and reports, and audit framework were further characterized. Assessments and comparisons of critical quality attributes (CQAs) for assuring accurate radioactive dosimetry calculation in the efficiency tracing of absolute activity measurement and patient-and technologistrelated risks for nuclear medicine imaging including Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Computed Tomography (CT), PET/CT, and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) were identified. Quality system design based on the Requirements and Guidelines Quality policy and systemThe quality system by design for radiopharmaceuticals and clinical imaging techniques is aimed to maintain and improve the qualified service for the patients, fulfill the regulatory requirements, optimize the safety and efficacy for patient care, demonstrate a proper equipment operating condition, and obtain a reliable quantitative performance in both diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures [4,5]. The pursuit of excellence in quality system is not a single action over a short period, instead, it is achieved through the whole life cycle of instruments, analytical methods or education for example, from planning and procurement to decommissioning based on advanced technology [6]. Continuous quality improvement implies a commitment to continuously struggle to advance based on state-ofthe-art information and techniques developed by the nuclear medicine and metrology community at large [5].Implementation of a quality system must be in accordance with the quality police, i.e. the overall quality intentions and direction of an organization, as formally expressed by top management. And quality system includes the structure, responsibilities, and procedures for implementing quality management. An integrated infrastructure of quality policy and system design is demonstrated as in Figure 1, which is mainly developed from the European Standard EN 28402 proposed by Bergmann et al. [7]. The attributes of the components in the quality sub-system (QA/QC), e.g. organization, personnel, facilities, instrumentation, operation procedures, preparation of radiopharmaceuticals, protocol and conduct, records and reports, and audit or inspection, were further integrated and classified in this article.

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Section: (D) the Coincidence Methods By A 4πβ-γ Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Audit Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Uncertainty Of Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%