The staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) family

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus plays an important role in numerous human cases of food poisoning, soft tissue, and bone infections, as well as potentially lethal toxic shock. This common bacterium synthesizes various virulence factors that include staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). These protein toxins bind directly to major histocompatibility complex class II on antigen-presenting cells and specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors, resulting in potentially life-threatening stimulation of the immune system. Picomolar concentrations of SEs ultimately elicit proinflammatory cytokines that can induce fever, hypotension, multi-organ failure, and lethal shock. Various in vitro and in vivo models have provided important tools for studying the biological effects of, as well as potential vaccines/therapeutics against, the SEs. This review succinctly presents known physical and biological properties of the SEs, including various intervention strategies. In particular, SEB will often be portrayed as per biodefense concerns dating back to the 1960s.

Staphylococcus aureus Phenol-Soluble Modulins Impair Interleukin Expression in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

“…Several factors contribute to the pathogenicity of S. aureus, including the well-established virulence determinants accessory gene regulator and alpha-hemolysin (Hla) (40,41). The immunomodulatory actions of staphylococcal enterotoxins are also reported (42,43). Additionally, PSMs have recently emerged as a novel toxin family that contributes to increased virulence and the spread of S. aureus infection (12,44).…”

Chemical composition, mechanism of antibacterial action and antioxidant activity of leaf essential oil of Forsythia koreana deciduous shrub

“…For example, the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is mainly responsible for post-operative wound infections, toxic shock syndrome, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and food poisoning [1,2] . Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is responsible for severe foodborne illness listeriosis, which is recognized as one of the emerging zoonotic diseases over the last two decades [3] .…”

Розвиток Імунної Відповіді При Стафілококовій Пневмонії (Частина 1)

“…Показано, что в су-перантиген-индуцированной активации Т-клеток происходит взаимодействие LFA-1 Т-лимфоцита с молекулой адгезии ICAM-1 антигенпрезентиру-ющей клетки и CD28 Т-лимфоцита с костимули-рующей молекулой CD80 антигенпрезентирующей клетки [36,38]. Данное взаимодействие приводит к активации митоген-активируемой протеинкиназы (mitogen-activated protein kinase -МАРК), внекле-точной регулируемой киназы (extracellular signal regulated kinase -ERK) и с-Jun N-терминальной киназы (c-Jun N-terminal kinase -JNK), предо-пределяя активацию транскрипционных факторов NF-κB, NF-AT и AP-1 [34,50]. Транслокация фак-торов транскрипции в ядро клетки и их взаимодей-ствие с энхансерами целевых генов усиливает экс-прессию провоспалительных цитокинов (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ) и хемокинов, в частно-сти CCL2, вызывающего хемотаксис моноцитов и макрофагов.…”

“…Цитокины IL-1β и TNF-α могут ак-тивировать фибробласты, эпителиальные и эндо-телиальные клетки, обеспечивая воспалительную среду для активации Т-клеток. Влияние провос-палительных цитокинов на гепатоциты приводит к продукции острофазовых белков [33,34].…”