The Staphylococcal Enterotoxins

Bergdoll, Merlin S.; Chu, Fun Sun; Borja, Concordia R.; Huang, I‐Yih; Weiss, K. F.

doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1967.tb00358.x

Cited by 27 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Pasteurized milk had mean counts of 0.10 log10cfu/ml, which was significantly different from raw milk (p<0.05). Detection of high S. aureus count in raw milk indicates the danger of food intoxication, as strains of S. aureus could produce enterotoxins A, B, C, D, and E [38] under favourable conditions. Though enterotoxin production was not examined, 22.1% of S. aureus in bulk milk in Norway produced enterotoxins as reported by Jorgensen et al [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological quality and safety of raw and pasteurized milk marketed in and around Nairobi region

Wanjala¹,

Mathooko²,

Kutima³

et al. 2017

AJFAND

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The microbiological quality of raw and pasteurized milk marketed in Nairobi and its environs was determined. Milk samples were collected randomly at milk selling points from three market areas: rural (Kiambu/Ngong), urban (East/West of Tom Mboya street) and slum (Kibera/Mathare). Samples were analysed for titratable acidity, total viable count (TVC), Staphylococcus aureus, coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae. Titratable acidity was determined using titration method, while TVC, S. aureus and Enterobacteriaceae were determined by the spread plate methods and coliforms were determined by most probable number. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Genstat statistical package. The mean acidity was 0.20% lactic acid (LA), while mean counts for TVC, S. aureus, coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae were 6.05, 3.46, 2.30, and 3.93 log10cfu/ml, respectively. The percentage of milk samples with acidity values greater than 0.18% LA, the upper limit set by Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS), was 52.8 %. Total viable count (TVC) greater than 10 6 cfu/ml, was detected in 95.2% and 21.4% of raw and pasteurized milk, respectively. Coliform counts greater than 4.70 and 1.0 log10cfu/ml for raw and pasteurized milk were detected in 77.8% and 4.8%, respectively of raw and pasteurized milk samples collected. Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus were detected with mean counts ranging from 6.08-6.86 and 5.82-6.32 log10/ml, respectively. Highest mean acidity and counts were recorded from slum areas of Nairobi and there were significant differences between raw and pasteurized milk (P<0.05). The poor bacterial quality coupled with high acidity of raw milk, indicates poor hygienic practices and lack of temperature control during marketing. The incidence of high acidity and bacterial counts in pasteurized milk could indicate post process contamination and/or inappropriate storage of the milk. Most vendors of pasteurized milk were observed selling directly from the distributor crates without refrigerated storage. The rapid deterioration of raw and pasteurized milk marketed in Nairobi, at the time of this study, may be largely due to poor hygienic standards and non-adherence to temperature controls during handling, distribution and marketing. This requires urgent attention by the appropriate authorities, because the poor microbiological quality of raw milk and pasteurized milk may expose consumers to health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated milk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological quality and safety of raw and pasteurized milk marketed in and around Nairobi region

Wanjala¹,

Mathooko²,

Kutima³

et al. 2017

AJFAND

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“…2000). Initially SEA, SEB, SEC 1 , SEC 2 , SEC 3 , SED and SEE were characterized (Bergdoll et al. 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EnterotoxigenicStaphylococcus aureusin bulk milk in Norway

Jørgensen

Mørk²,

Høgåsen

et al. 2005

Journal of Applied Microbiology

173

103

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Aims: To investigate the presence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in bulk milk and in a selection of raw milk products. Methods and results: Samples of bovine (n ¼ 220) and caprine (n ¼ 213) bulk milk, and raw milk products (n ¼ 82) were analysed for S. aureus. Isolates were tested for staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) production (SEA-SED) by reversed passive latex agglutination and for SE genes (sea-see, seg-sej) by multiplex PCR. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 165 (75%) bovine and 205 (96AE2%) caprine bulk milk samples and in 31 (37AE8%) raw milk product samples. Enterotoxin production was observed in 22AE1% and 57AE3% of S. aureus isolates from bovine and caprine bulk milk, respectively, while SE genes were detected in 52AE5% of the bovine and 55AE8% of the caprine bulk milk isolates. SEC and sec were most commonly detected. A greater diversity of SE genes were observed in bovine vs caprine isolates. Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus seems highly prevalent in Norwegian bulk milk and isolates frequently produce SEs and contain SE genes. Enterotoxigenic S. aureus were also found in raw milk products. Significance and Impact of the Study: Staphylococcus aureus in Norwegian bovine and caprine bulk milk may constitute a risk with respect to staphylococcal food poisoning from raw milk products.

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“…All of these toxins induce lymphocyte mitogenicity, immunosuppression, pyrogenicity, and enhancement of lethal endotoxin shock (12,19,29,33,37,40). Staphylococcal enterotoxins are distinguished from other toxins in this group by their additional capacity to induce emesis and diarrhea in animals after oral administration (3,14). Likewise, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins are unique in their capacity to induce heart damage (36).These toxins are small proteins with reported molecular weights of less than 30,000.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Several exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes share numerous biological and biochemical properties. This group of related toxins includes the staphylococcal enterotoxins (3), and pyrogenic exotoxins (33), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) (4), and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (2). All of these toxins induce lymphocyte mitogenicity, immunosuppression, pyrogenicity, and enhancement of lethal endotoxin shock (12,19,29,33,37,40).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Expression of staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 in Escherichia coli

Bohach¹,

Schlievert²

1987

Infect Immun

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The structural gene encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 was cloned into Escherichia coli and localized on a 1.5-kilobase HindIII-ClaI DNA fragment by subcloning. The toxin was partially purified from E. coli clones and shown to be immunologically identical to enterotoxin C1 from Staphylococcus aureus. The cloned toxin also had the same molecular weight (26,000) and charge heterogeneity as staphylococcus-derived enterotoxin. Toxins from both sources were equally biologically active.Several exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes share numerous biological and biochemical properties. This group of related toxins includes the staphylococcal enterotoxins (3), and pyrogenic exotoxins (33), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) (4), and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (2). All of these toxins induce lymphocyte mitogenicity, immunosuppression, pyrogenicity, and enhancement of lethal endotoxin shock (12,19,29,33,37,40). Staphylococcal enterotoxins are distinguished from other toxins in this group by their additional capacity to induce emesis and diarrhea in animals after oral administration (3,14). Likewise, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins are unique in their capacity to induce heart damage (36).These toxins are small proteins with reported molecular weights of less than 30,000. Staphylococcal enterotoxins have similar amino acid compositions (3), and the amino acid sequences of at least enterotoxins B and C1 possess extensive homology (17,35). In addition, Johnson et al. (18) demonstrated significant amino acid sequence homology between enterotoxin B and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A based on nucleotide sequence analysis.Enterotoxin A and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A have been shown to be transferred by bacteriophage (7,19). In contrast, the gene for TSST-1 is chromosomally located (22). The location of genes for other toxins in this group remains unclear.We report in this paper the molecular cloning of the gene encoding enterotoxin Cl. The cloned toxin prepared from Escherichia coli is biologically active and has biochemical properties identical to those of staphylococcus-derived enterotoxin C1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial strains. S. aureus MN Don, a clinical isolate from blood of a patient with toxic shock syndrome, was used for production of enterotoxin C1 and as a source of DNA for construction of a genomic library. This strain, submitted by P. F. Sparling, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, makes enterotoxin C1 while not expressing any other enterotoxins, TSST41, or exfoliative toxins. Identification of enterotoxin C1 was confirmed by using reference antisera supplied by E. Schantz, University of Wisconsin, Madison, and by comparison of the N-terminal amino acid sequence * Corresponding author.with that previously reported for the toxin (15,35). A total of 21 amino acids constituting the N terminus of the protein were analyzed. Although the data did not permit assignment of amino acids to positions 10 and 12, the remaining residues were in complete agreem...

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The Staphylococcal Enterotoxins

Cited by 27 publications

References 41 publications

Microbiological quality and safety of raw and pasteurized milk marketed in and around Nairobi region

Microbiological quality and safety of raw and pasteurized milk marketed in and around Nairobi region

EnterotoxigenicStaphylococcus aureusin bulk milk in Norway

Expression of staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 in Escherichia coli

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