The state of neuropsychological test norms for Spanish-speaking adults in the United States

Paredes, Alejandra Morlett; Gooding, Amanda; Fortuny, Lidia Artiola I; Mindt, Monica Rivera; Suárez, Paola; Scott, Travis M; Heaton, Anne; Heaton, Robert K.; Cherner, Mariana; Marquine, María J.

doi:10.1080/13854046.2020.1729866

Cited by 47 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…We found that few norms have been developed for Spanish speakers living in Peru for the majority of tests we administered; thus, we applied norms for Spanish speakers living in the United States-Mexico border with a similar demographic and sociocultural characteristics and applied norms for English speakers living in the United States when Spanish-speaker norms were unavailable for particular tests. In most prior studies on NCI, applying norms for English speakers or norms collected in Spanish-speaking countries, such as Mexico or Spain, is currently standard clinical practice (65). However, utilizing norms that are not specific to the geographic region of interest may increase the chances of either underclassifying or overclassifying NCI without appropriate demographic adjustment for that region (66).…”

Section: Neurocognitive Testing Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged and Older Persons With HIV in Lima, Peru

et al. 2021

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Background: With widespread use of antiretroviral medications, people living with HIV (PWH) are living longer worldwide, increasing their risk of developing neurocognitive impairment (NCI). The proportion of Peruvians over age 60 is expected to increase to 25% of the population by 2050, including PWH. Therefore, the problem of aging and NCI, especially in the setting of HIV infection, is uniquely pressing. We sought to study the rates of and risk factors associated with NCI among middle-aged and older PWH in Lima, Peru.Materials and Methods: Sociodemographic, medical (infectious and non-infectious), and psychiatric comorbidity and laboratory data were collected. We administered a brief neuropsychological battery evaluating seven cognitive domains affected in HIV-associated NCI and a depression screening. Cognitive test raw scores were converted to T-scores that were demographically adjusted. Descriptive statistics were performed together with regression (unadjusted and adjusted) analyses to determine potential risk factors for NCI among PWH.Results: This was a cross-sectional study in which 144 PWH aged ≥40 years attending a large HIV clinic in Lima, Peru, were recruited from September 2019 to March 2020. Mean age was 51.6 ± 7.7 years, and mean years of education were 14.0 ± 3.1 with 15% females. Median [interquartile range (IQR)] current CD4 and nadir CD4 were 554 (371, 723) and 179 (83, 291), respectively, and 10% currently had AIDS. The prevalence of NCI was 28.5%, and many demonstrated difficulty with attention and working memory (70%). One-quarter of PWH had mild depression or worse on Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9 ≥ 5). In bivariate analyses, neither a depression history nor a higher PHQ-9 score correlated with NCI. No other non-communicable medical or psychiatric comorbidity nor HIV characteristic was predictive of NCI. Having a positive lifetime history of hepatitis B infection, pulmonary tuberculosis, or syphilis increased risk of NCI (PR 1.72; 95% CI 1.04–2.86) in unadjusted analyses, but not in adjusted analyses.Conclusions: NCI among older Peruvians with HIV was found to be highly prevalent with levels consistent with prior reports of HIV-associated NCI worldwide. Common latent HIV-associated co-infections, including latent syphilis, hepatitis B infection, or pulmonary tuberculosis, may increase the risk of NCI among middle-aged and older PWH in Peru.

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Section: Neurocognitive Testing Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged and Older Persons With HIV in Lima, Peru

et al. 2021

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“…Most existing normative data on US Latinos is limited to specific regions of the country, especially the Southwest, and our study includes the largest and most diverse sample of middle‐aged and older Hispanics/Latinos to date, maximizing the generalizability of our results. 9 , 24 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an alternative to this practice, population‐specific demographically adjusted normative data are crucial in properly evaluating cognitive functioning and avoiding inappropriate inferences and misdiagnoses. 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 Unfortunately, there is a dearth of cognitive test normative data that account for the diversity of the Hispanic/Latino population. Filling these gaps in normative cognitive test data for populations facing health disparities was Priority 1 identified at the 2019 Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD) Summit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 Although several verbal list learning and memory tests exist, few provide normative data from large and representative samples of diverse Hispanics/Latinos. 9 , 15 , 16 , 17 Díaz‐Santos et al. provided normative data for the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test‐Revised (HVLT‐R) based on 203 monolingual Spanish speakers ages 19 to 60 years old from the United States–Mexico border regions of Arizona and California.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Normative data for the Brief Spanish‐English Verbal Learning Test for representative and diverse Hispanics/Latinos: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Breton

Stickel

Tarraf

et al. 2021

Alz & Dem Diag Ass & Dis Mo

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Introduction Episodic learning and memory performance are crucial components of cognitive assessment. To meet the needs of a diverse Hispanic/Latino population, we aimed to provide normative data on the Brief Spanish‐English Verbal Learning Test (B‐SEVLT). Methods The target population for the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) included individuals 45+ years old from Central American, Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, and South American backgrounds. Average age was 56.5 years ± 9.92, 54.5% were female, and mean education was 11.0 years ± 5.6 (unweighted n = 9309). Participants were administered the B‐SEVLT in their preferred language (Spanish or English). Hispanic/Latino background adjusted B‐SEVLT scores and percentile cut‐points were created using survey‐adjusted regression models. Results Higher educational attainment, younger age, and being female were associated with higher learning and memory performance. Hispanic/Latino background groups differed in B‐SEVLT performance. Discussion Representative learning and memory norms for Hispanic/Latinos of diverse backgrounds will improve cognitive assessment and accuracy of neurocognitive disorder diagnosis.

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“…Because the norms they use are not language or culturally appropriate, this can lead to errors in the interpretation of the results of the tests administered (Arango-Lasprilla, Stevens, Morlett Paredes, Ardila, & Rivera, 2017). Although some efforts to develop norms for Spanish-speaking populations have been previously undertaken (Cherner et al, 2007;Pontón et al, 1996), only until recently have large-scale studies been conducted in Spanish-speaking regions (Loureiro et al, 2018;Palomo et al, 2013;Peña-Casanova et al, 2009a;, Morlett et al, 2020 aimed at the standardization of neuropsychological tests in each country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative data for test of learning and memory in an ecuadorian adult population

Rodríguez-Lorenzana

Núñez-Fernández

Díaz

et al. 2020

The Clinical Neuropsychologist

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Objective: The objective of this study was to develop norms for two neuropsychological tests of learning and memory in an Ecuadorian adult population. Method: 322 healthy individuals, ages between 18 and 84, were enrolled in the Metropolitan District of Quito. Participants were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation that included tests of learning and memory (Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test [ROCF] and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised [HVLT-R]). Backward stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the influence of demographic variables age, education, and gender on test performance. Normative data was developed adjusting for demographic variables found to be significant in the final regression models. Results: The final multiple linear models revealed performance on tests of learning and memory worsened with age and improved as a function of education. A user-friendly Excel-based calculator is presented to calculate the z score and percentile automatically based on raw score and sociodemographic information. Conclusion: This is the first study that presents normative data for tests of learning and memory for an adult population in Ecuador. It is expected that these norms will help to improve the clinical practice of neuropsychology in Ecuador by limiting erroneous raw score interpretation and incrementing diagnostic accuracy.

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The state of neuropsychological test norms for Spanish-speaking adults in the United States

Cited by 47 publications

References 60 publications

Characterization of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged and Older Persons With HIV in Lima, Peru

Characterization of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged and Older Persons With HIV in Lima, Peru

Normative data for the Brief Spanish‐English Verbal Learning Test for representative and diverse Hispanics/Latinos: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Normative data for test of learning and memory in an ecuadorian adult population

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