The State of Play of Copper, Mineral Oil, External Nutrient Input, Anthelmintics, Antibiotics and Vitamin Usage and Available Reduction Strategies in Organic Farming across Europe

Abstract

Although input use in organic agriculture is strictly regulated, and significantly less contentious inputs are applied in organic than in conventional farming systems, copper, mineral oil, external nutrient input, anthelmintics, antibiotics and vitamins are still commonly used among organic farmers in the EU, partly due to the scarce availability of alternative products and the difficulty of implementing preventive strategies. Moreover, besides the direction set by the European Commission’s organic regulation, only a handful of policy instruments exist at national levels to reduce the use of these contentious inputs. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the results of the RELACS EU-funded project about the current use of copper, mineral oils, external nutrient inputs, anthelmintics, antibiotics and vitamins in organic farming in the EU. The paper is based on six internal reports developed in RELACS which relied on international surveys, in-depth interviews, multiple case study methods, database-based calculations, secondary data sources, plus a survey independent from the reports to map existing policy instruments and voluntary initiatives in the EU aiming to reduce the use of the six input categories. As a result, the paper gives a comprehensive overview of the current consumption of the six contentious inputs within the organic sector, highlighting potential alternative strategies in the pipeline, available preventive measures and the willingness of farmers towards adopting these solutions. It also informs about specific policy instruments already in force, as well as about ongoing voluntary initiatives to reduce contentious inputs. Due to the current dependence of organic farming systems on the six categories of contentious inputs, any sudden phase-out or ban on their usage would do more harm than good to the organic sector. Therefore, gradual, data-driven reduction measures are needed, which require significant further investments in targeted research, and in policy support measures, with the active involvement of agricultural stakeholders.

Human-Centric Digitization in Montenegro: Progress through 17 Years of National Independence and Future Trends

“…Additionally, the concentration of chloride in the Biebrza floodplain lakes was significantly lower than that in the tested lakes, with an average of about 11 mg/dm 3 . Further research for future technologies are as follows: data governance [108], discussing data ownership; sustainable development for organic planting [109]; concepts of hydroponic farms [110]; the EU-funded RELACS project on the prevalent use of contentious inputs such as copper, mineral oils, and antibiotics in organic farming [111]; or the EUfunded ECONUTRI project, addressing environmental impacts caused by inappropriate fertilization and farming practices [112]. Furthermore, to the general trends in research, the EU with Horizon 2020 devised a plan for the digitization of the European agricultural sector [113].…”

Alternative Ecological Products for Aphid Control on Plum

“…With the increasing surfaces in the ecological system, essential oils together with other accepted components in ecological agriculture are more and more present and used [ 29 ]. Refined mineral oils are an important component of the technological chain, from different pharmaceutical domains [ 30 ].…”

Use of Copper-Based Fungicides in Organic Agriculture in Twelve European Countries

“…Even though organic agriculture strictly regulates the use of inputs, organic farmers in Europe still use some inputs generally thought to be contentious (anthelmintics, antibiotics, and vitamins in livestock management; and external nutrient inputs, mineral oil pesticides, and copper-based fungicides in plant production) [34]. However, the reduction or substitution of these inputs has high priority in European agricultural policy and for organic-farming associations.…”

“…This study on the current use of copper-based fungicides was performed within the EU-funded project RELACS, in which surveys and studies related to all of the contentious inputs listed above were conducted. While this publication gives an in-depth analysis and discussion on the use of copper-based fungicides, the main findings of this survey and the surveys on the other contentious inputs investigated within RELACS have been summarized by Varga et al [34], putting them into a larger perspective.…”