The state of sleep and the current brain paradigm

Pigarev, Ivan N.; Pigareva, Marina L.

doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00139

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…We can assume that the information flow from the heart to the brain might be shown in GC h→b analysis since the thalamus also communicates the visceral information to the insula and medial prefrontal areas [64]. These results are in agreement with those of previous studies about visceral responses in cortical sensory areas during sleep [65–70]. In these studies, it was revealed that some cortical areas responded to visceral activities including heart activity during sleep, suggesting that visceral projections to some cortical areas are activated only during sleep [65–70].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Alteration of coupling between brain and heart induced by sedation with propofol and midazolam

Won¹,

Lee²,

Seo³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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For a comprehensive understanding of the nervous system, several previous studies have examined the network connections between the brain and the heart in diverse conditions. In this study, we identified coupling between the brain and the heart along the continuum of sedation levels, but not in discrete sedation levels ( e . g ., wakefulness, conscious sedation, and deep sedation). To identify coupling between the brain and the heart during sedation, we induced several depths of sedation using patient-controlled sedation with propofol and midazolam. We performed electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral analysis and extracted the instantaneous heart rate (HR) from the electrocardiogram (ECG). EEG spectral power dynamics and mean HR were compared along the continuum of sedation levels. We found that EEG sigma power was the parameter most sensitive to changes in the sedation level and was correlated with the mean HR under the effect of sedative agents. Moreover, we calculated the Granger causality (GC) value to quantify brain-heart coupling at each sedation level. Additionally, the GC analysis revealed noticeably different strengths and directions of causality among different sedation levels. In all the sedation levels, GC values from the brain to the heart (GC b→h ) were higher than GC values from the heart to the brain (GC h→b ). Moreover, the mean GC b→h increased as the sedation became deeper, resulting in higher GC b→h values in deep sedation (1.97 ± 0.18 in propofol, 2.02 ± 0.15 in midazolam) than in pre-sedation (1.71 ± 0.13 in propofol, 1.75 ± 0.11 in midazolam; p < 0.001). These results show that coupling between brain and heart activities becomes stronger as sedation becomes deeper, and that this coupling is more attributable to the brain-heart direction than to the heart-brain direction. These findings provide a better understanding of the relationship between the brain and the heart under specific conditions, namely, different sedation states.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Alteration of coupling between brain and heart induced by sedation with propofol and midazolam

Won¹,

Lee²,

Seo³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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“…The prescient experiments of Libet (1985) have shown that volition show close correlation to the brain's background electrical fluctuations. However, cortical areas are universal processors tuned not so much for particular sensory modality, but rather for particular algorithms of incoming information processing (Pigarev and Pigareva 2015). During stimuli-evoked activity or cognitive demands, the brain transitorily exhibits functional conformations-other than the spontaneous ones-,which are linked with specific psychological correlates (Cole et al 2014).…”

Section: Brainwaves: Stimulus Builds On the Dmnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between short and fast brain timescales

2017

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Brain electric activity exhibits two important features: oscillations with different timescales, characterized by diverse functional and psychological outcomes, and a temporal power law distribution. In order to further investigate the relationships between low- and high- frequency spikes in the brain, we used a variant of the Borsuk-Ulam theorem which states that, when we assess the nervous activity as embedded in a sphere equipped with a fractal dimension, we achieve two antipodal points with similar features (the slow and fast, scale-free oscillations). We demonstrate that slow and fast nervous oscillations mirror each other over time via a sinusoid relationship and provide, through the Bloch theorem from solid-state physics, the possible equation which links the two timescale activities. We show that, based on topological findings, nervous activities occurring in micro-levels are projected to single activities at meso- and macro-levels. This means that brain functions assessed at the higher scale of the whole brain necessarily display a counterpart in the lower ones, and vice versa. Our topological approach makes it possible to assess brain functions both based on entropy, and in the general terms of particle trajectories taking place on donut-like manifolds. Condensed brain activities might give rise to ideas and concepts by combination of different functional and anatomical levels. Furthermore, cognitive phenomena, as well as social activity can be described by the laws of quantum mechanics; memories and decisions exhibit holographic organization. In physics, the term duality refers to a case where two seemingly different systems turn out to be equivalent. This topological duality holds for all the types of spatio-temporal brain activities, independent of their inter- and intra-level relationships, strength, magnitude and boundaries, allowing us to connect the physiological manifestations of consciousness to the electric activities of the brain.

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“…The visceral theory of sleep, developed by I. N. Pigarev [15,16,17,18] Although at first sight this hypothesis seems paradoxical, it is in harmony with findings of computational science that the universal processors are much more effective way to build a computer than development of processors specialized for a single function.…”

Section: The Visceral Theory Of Sleepmentioning

confidence: 95%