The State of the Art of the Control Strategies for Single-Phase Electric Springs

Abstract

The concept of electric springs (ESs) has been proposed as a new solution for stabilizing power grid fed by intermittent renewable energy sources. With a battery or active power source (DC, on the inside), the ESs can provide both active and reactive power compensations. So far, three typical topologies of single-phase ESs have been reported. Unlike traditional devices where power generation follows the load demand, the ESs are associated with non-critical loads form the so-called smart loads that transfer the fluctuated power to the non-critical loads, adaptively, according to the intermittent nature of power generation. After reviewing the main control strategies of single-phase ESs, the paper analyzes their advantages and disadvantages as well as their suitable applications. Comparisons among different control strategies on a specific topology version are implemented. Finally, conclusions and possible future trends are pointed out.

Intelligent Energy Management of Electrical Power Systems

“…An intelligent energy management system implies also many other components. Some of them, like electric springs, smart meter, and data, are presented in [11][12][13]. Reference [11] introduces the state of the art of electric springs as a new solution for stabilizing power grid fed by intermittent renewable energy sources.…”

Hardware structures, control strategies, and applications of electric springs: a state‐of‐the‐art review

“…The criteria for classifying ESs hardware structures depend upon the device that powers the DC bus, the converter's topology, and their operation as voltage source inverter (VSI) or current source inverter (CSI). On the other hand, in [21], most of the publications reviewed are focused on controllers that allow the decoupling of the active and reactive powers of the ES, which is widely used by the versions that employ a DC source or battery on their DC bus. Finally, the topics covered in [22] include a discussion between the mechanical analogy and the electric analogy for the ES, its principle operation in steady‐state for reactive power compensation, and the description of some hardware structures and controllers used in single‐phase AC systems.…”