The state of the reward comparison hypothesis: Theoretical comment on Huang and Hsiao (2008).

Grigson, Patricia S.

doi:10.1037/a0013968

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(125 reference statements)

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“…For example, rats have been shown to avoid saccharin solution if it is provided immediately before SA (Wheeler et al, 2008;Wise et al, 1976). Although continued SA demonstrated the rewarding effects, the avoidance of saccharin intake suggested that aversive effects were induced (for an alternative interpretation, see Grigson, 2008). We found that rats avoided the OG cue when it was paired with nicotine (15 or 30 mg/kg, Figures 1b and c), although the OG cue was appetitive to rats receiving i.v.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Social Interaction Promotes Nicotine Self-Administration with Olfactogustatory Cues in Adolescent Rats

Chen

Sharp

Matta

et al. 2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Cigarette smoking is a social behavior. Smoking is also accompanied by distinctive gustatory and olfactory stimulation. However, none of these factors affecting nicotine intake are modeled in existing preclinical studies. We report a novel model of adolescent nicotine self-administration (SA) in rats where licking on drinking spouts was used as the operant behavior to activate the concurrent delivery of nicotine (i.v.) and an appetitive olfactogustatory (OG) cue, and social interaction was required for stable SA. The operant chamber was divided by a panel that separated the SA rat and another rat serving as the demonstrator, who had free access to the OG cue but did not receive nicotine. Orofacial contacts were permitted by the divider. Conditioned taste aversion prevented solo rats to self-administer nicotine. However, stable nicotine (15-30 μg/kg, free base) SA was established in the presence of demonstrator rats with free access to the OG cue. Omitting the olfactory component of the cue prevented the acquisition of nicotine SA. Mecamylamine, a nicotinic antagonist, reduced licking behavior. Familiar peers were more effective demonstrators in facilitating the acquisition of nicotine SA than were unfamiliar rats. No sex difference in nicotine intake was found. These data indicate that the contingent OG cue is associated with the aversive property of nicotine that prevents subsequent drug intake. Social information encoded in olfaction not only permits the establishment of stable nicotine SA but also enhances nicotine intake. These findings implicate adolescent social interactions in promoting smoking behavior by surmounting the aversive property of nicotine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Social Interaction Promotes Nicotine Self-Administration with Olfactogustatory Cues in Adolescent Rats

Chen

Sharp

Matta

et al. 2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Thus, while we have reported that drugs of abuse can devalue natural rewards, we also have argued that natural rewards (specifically sensitivity to natural rewards) can protect against responding for drug [61], (see Grigson, 2008 for a discussion) [62, 63]. In accordance, there is evidence that the availability of alternative natural rewards can facilitate abstinence in the addicted human [64–66] and can reduce acquisition of drug-taking behavior in rats [64, 67–70].…”

Section: 4 Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prior access to a sweet is more protective against cocaine self-administration in female rats than in male rats

Cason

Grigson

2013

Physiology & Behavior

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It is well established that female rats are more sensitive than male rats to the reinforcing effects of cocaine (Lynch, 2008 for review). We hypothesized that greater preference for cocaine would support greater avoidance of a cocaine-paired taste cue in female vs. male rats. Moreover, at least in male rats, greater avoidance of the taste cue is associated with greater cocaine self-administration (Grigson & Twining, 2002). Thus, we anticipated that female rats would not only demonstrate greater avoidance of the drug-paired taste cue, but greater drug-taking as well. We tested these hypotheses by examining avoidance of a saccharin cue in male and female rats following several pairings with self-administered saline or cocaine (0.16, 0.33, or 0.66 mg/infusion). Contrary to expectations, the results showed that female rats exhibited less avoidance of the cocaine-associated saccharin cue than male rats and self-administered less, rather than more, cocaine, Thus, while female rats reportedly take more drug than male rats when the drug is presented in the absence of an alternative reward, they take less drug than male rats when the opportunity to self-administer cocaine is preceded by access to a palatable sweet. Females, then, may not simply be more sensitive to the rewarding properties of drug, but also to the reinforcing properties of natural rewards and this increase in sensitivity to sweets may serve to protect against drug-taking behavior.

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“…Some argue that CTA to addictive drugs is a manifestation of rewarding effects, not aversive effects (Gomez, 2002; Grigson, 2008; Grigson and Freet, 2000; Grigson and Twining, 2002; Liu et al., 2009; Parker, 1995; Parker and Gillies, 1995). These authors suggest that the avoidance of sweet‐flavored solution after pairing with an addictive drug is a result of anticipatory avoidance: The rats avoid drinking sweet‐flavored solution because they know that it will soon be followed by a “better” reward, the addictive drug.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aversive Effects of Ethanol in Adolescent Versus Adult Rats: Potential Causes and Implication for Future Drinking

Schramm-Sapyta

DiFeliceantonio

Foscue

et al. 2010

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background Many people experiment with alcohol and other drugs of abuse during their teenage years. Epidemiological evidence suggests that younger initiates into drug taking are more likely to develop problematic drug seeking behavior, including binge and other high-intake behaviors. The level of drug intake for any individual depends on the balance of rewarding and aversive effects of the drug in that individual. Multiple rodent studies have demonstrated that aversive effects of drugs of abuse are reduced in adolescent compared to adult animals. In the present study we addressed two key questions: First, do reduced aversive effects of ethanol in younger rats correlate with increased ethanol consumption? Second, are the reduced aversive effects in adolescents attributable to reduced sensitivity to ethanol's physiological effects? Methods Adolescent and adult rats were tested for ethanol conditioned taste aversion followed by a voluntary drinking period, including post-deprivation consumption. Multivariate regression was used to assess correlations. In separate experiments, adolescent and adult rats were tested for their sensitivity to the hypothermic and sedative effects of ethanol, and for blood ethanol concentrations (BECs). Results We observed that in adolescent rats but not adults, taste aversion was inversely correlated with post-deprivation consumption. Adolescents also exhibited a greater increase in consumption after deprivation than adults. Furthermore, the age difference in ethanol conditioned taste aversion was not attributable to differences in hypothermia, sedation, or BECs. Conclusions These results suggest that during adolescence, individuals that are insensitive to aversive effects are most likely to develop problem drinking behaviors. These results underscore the importance of the interaction between developmental stage and individual variation in sensitivity to alcohol.

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The state of the reward comparison hypothesis: Theoretical comment on Huang and Hsiao (2008).

Cited by 11 publications

References 94 publications

Social Interaction Promotes Nicotine Self-Administration with Olfactogustatory Cues in Adolescent Rats

Social Interaction Promotes Nicotine Self-Administration with Olfactogustatory Cues in Adolescent Rats

Prior access to a sweet is more protective against cocaine self-administration in female rats than in male rats

Aversive Effects of Ethanol in Adolescent Versus Adult Rats: Potential Causes and Implication for Future Drinking

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