The Static-99R predicts sexual and violent recidivism for individuals with low intellectual functioning

Stephens, Skye; Newman, Jennifer E.; Cantor, James M.; Seto, Michael C.

doi:10.1080/13552600.2017.1372936

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This said, Table 1 demonstrates only minor differences between subjects included ( n = 100) and subjects excluded ( n = 46), the two exceptions being large differences in prevalence rates of psychotic disorders and, secondly, whether or not a subject was sanctioned to compulsory forensic psychiatric care as a result of the index offense. Roughly one in ten was diagnosed with intellectual disability, although this has previously been found to not adversely affect the usage of the Static-99R ( Stephens et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Static-99R Validation Study on Individuals With Mental Disorders: 5 to 20 Years of Fixed Follow-Up After Sexual Offenses

et al. 2021

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‘The Static-99R is one of the most commonly used risk assessment instruments for individuals convicted of sexual offenses. It has been validated for use on many populations, but few studies specifically target and describe individuals with mental disorders. Additionally, research on the discriminative properties (how well the instrument separates recidivists from non-recidivists) of the instrument over longer follow-up periods is scarce. This article evaluated the validity of the Static-99R using a cohort of individuals with mental disorders convicted of sexual offenses in Sweden (N = 146) with fixed 5-year (n = 100), 10-year (n = 91), 15-year (n = 79), and 20-year (n = 36) follow-up periods. A Static-99R cut score of 6 demonstrated the highest Youden index, maximizing sensitivity (72.7%) and specificity (74.2%), with 25.8% of recidivists correctly assumed to reoffend sexually and 95.7% of non-recidivists correctly assumed not to. The Static-99R instrument demonstrated adequate discrimination (AUC = 0.79, CI 95% = 0.70–0.87, and OR = 1.45, CI 95% = 1.14–1.84, p < 0.001, 5-year fixed follow-up), with only marginal differences for 10-, 15-, and 20-year fixed follow-up (AUC = 0.73, 0.74, and 0.74 and OR = 1.31, 1.36, and 1.40, respectively). Calibration (quantifying risk and correspondence with the instrument’s norms) was acceptable (Brier = 0.088, P/E = 0.70, E/O = 1.43), with the routine sample norms displaying a decisively better fit to the study cohort compared to the high-risk/high-need sample norms. The results affirm the recommendation that, when in doubt and where there is no recent local norm group large enough available, the Static-99R routine sample found in the evaluators’ workbook should be used.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Static-99R Validation Study on Individuals With Mental Disorders: 5 to 20 Years of Fixed Follow-Up After Sexual Offenses

et al. 2021

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“…C. Lee & Hanson, 2017). Similarly, IQ was used as a control variable as prior research has suggested lower IQ scores are associated with higher Static-99R scores (Stephens et al, 2018). Linear regression models were also used to assess whether the underlying ACE domains of child harm and household dysfunction were differentially related to risk for sexual recidivism.…”

Section: Data Analytic Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Sexual Offenders: Associations With Sexual Recidivism Risk and Psychopathology

et al. 2020

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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are increasingly recognized as a public health crisis. Cumulative effects of these experiences lead to a wide range of deleterious physical and psychological outcomes. Prior research has identified higher prevalence rates of ACEs and increased criminal behavior in samples of individuals who have committed sexual offenses. In a sample of civilly committed individuals who have committed sexual offenses ( N = 317), we examined the prevalence of ACEs (cumulative scores and the two components of child harm and family dysfunction) and their association with risk for sexual recidivism and adult psychopathology. ACEs were much more prevalent in this sample compared with the general population and to lower risk samples of individuals who had committed sexual offenses. Although ACE scores were unrelated to risk for sexual recidivism, higher ACE scores were associated with increased risk of psychopathology, including anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, substance use disorders, and Antisocial Personality Disorder. ACEs related to family dysfunction were uniquely associated with Alcohol Use Disorder and the presence of a dual diagnosis of a paraphilia and personality disorder. Results suggest that higher risk individuals who commit sexual offenses may have greater need for trauma-informed models of care that recognize the effect of these experiences on their mental health and offense-related behavior.

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“…There is increasing scientific evidence that risk assessment tools developed for average intellectually able persons with sexual offense histories can also be used to assess the recidivism risk of persons with sexual offense histories with MID-BIF (see e.g. Hanson et al, 2013;Stephens et al, 2017). Results from research into differences and similarities in risk factors of perpetrators of a sexual offense with or without MID-BIF are inconsistent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hanson et al, 2013;Stephens et al, 2017). People with MID-BIF who commit sexual offenses, however, show a higher basic risk on the STATIC-99 (R) (Stephens et al, 2017). This is explained by the higher degree of social isolation in this group.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Recent research shows that actuarial risk assessment instruments (ARAIs) such as the Rapid Risk Assessment of Sexual Offense Recidivism (RRASOR: Hanson, 1997) and the STATIC-99 (R) (Hanson and Thornton, 2000;Helmus et al, 2012) are suitable risk assessment tools for sexual offenders with MID-BIF for predicting recidivism (e.g. Hanson et al, 2013;Stephens et al, 2017). People with MID-BIF who commit sexual offenses, however, show a higher basic risk on the STATIC-99 (R) (Stephens et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparing STATIC-99R and STABLE-2007 between persons with and without intellectual disabilities

Delforterie

Berg²,

Bolt

et al. 2019

JIDOB

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Purpose While there is a significant proportion of people with a mild intellectual disability (MID) or borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) who commit sexual offenses, little research has focused on the risk factors for sexual recidivism in people with MID-BIF. The purpose of this paper is to compare the scores on the STATIC-99R and STABLE-2007 between persons with sexual offense histories with and without MID-BIF. Design/methodology/approach Data using the STATIC-99R and STABLE-2007 were collected in 85 male patients divided into an MID-BIF group (IQ 50–85, n=50) and comparison group (IQ>95, n=35). Findings The MID-BIF group and comparison group did not differ significantly on the static risk factors and total score of the STATIC-99R. However, of the 13 dynamic risk factors of the STABLE-2007, the MID-BIF group scored significantly higher on the items Impulsive acts, Poor problem solving skills and Lack of concern for others, while the comparison group scored significantly higher on the item Deviant sexual preference. Originality/value The higher score on a number of dynamic risk factors for patients with MID-BIF could partly be explained by the characteristics associated with MID-BIF. Although dynamic criminogenic risk factors which are usually identified as targets for treatment appear the same for people with and without MID-BIF who commit sexual offenses, adaptations to the modality of treatment will still need to be made for people with MID-BIF.

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The Static-99R predicts sexual and violent recidivism for individuals with low intellectual functioning

Cited by 12 publications

References 40 publications

A Static-99R Validation Study on Individuals With Mental Disorders: 5 to 20 Years of Fixed Follow-Up After Sexual Offenses

A Static-99R Validation Study on Individuals With Mental Disorders: 5 to 20 Years of Fixed Follow-Up After Sexual Offenses

Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Sexual Offenders: Associations With Sexual Recidivism Risk and Psychopathology

Comparing STATIC-99R and STABLE-2007 between persons with and without intellectual disabilities

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